Chapter 16 The Crisis of Union

APUSH PowerPoint #4.6 (Part 2 of 2) Unit #5 Chapter 12 BFW Textbook TOPIC – Sectional Conflict & Crisis [1844-1861]

IV. Kansas-Nebraska Controversy

A. Transcontinental Railroad Gadsden Purchase of 1853 a. Need for a railroad b. 30,000 square miles Douglas’s Nebraska Bill a. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 b. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise c. Antislavery Opposition

A. Transcontinental Railroad (Cont’d . . .) Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 a. The division of the Unorganized Territory into Kansas and Nebraska territories. b. The use of popular sovereignty would decide the issue of slavery. c. By allowing popular sovereignty in the territory, the act overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

A. Transcontinental Railroad (Cont’d . . .)

B. Emergence of the Republican Party End of the Whigs Party American “Know-Nothing” Party New Coalition Party (Republican Party) a. Formed in 1854 (Founder, Horace Greeley) b. Made up primarily of Northerners (antislavery Whigs, antislavery Democrats, and independent Free-Soilers

C. Battle of Kansas Settlement (Pro- and Anti-slavery forces) Elections Clash of Governments

C. Battle of Kansas (Cont’d . . .) John Brown a. Radical abolitionist who came to Kansas to keep slavery out of the state. b. Attacked the pro-slavery town of Pottawatomie by executing five pro-slavery Southerners.

C. Battle of Kansas (Cont’d . . .) Pottawatomie Massacre (May 24-25, 1856) a. Led by John Brown following the “Sack of Lawrence. b. Five pro-slavers were massacred in the streets.

C. Battle of Kansas (Cont’d . . .) “Crime Against Kansas” Speech (May 20, 1856) Delivered by Charles Sumner who attacked Southerners (including South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler). Within days, the nephew of Andrew Butler (Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina) walked into the Senate, cornered Sumner, and beat him with a cane. Brooks was removed from office (only to be re-elected two years later), Sumner was in a coma for three years.

C. Battle of Kansas (Cont’d . . .) Brooks-Sumner Clash in Congress

D. Presidential Election of 1856 a. The Democratic Party nominated James Buchanan. b. The American “Know-Nothing” Party nominated former president Millard Fillmore. c. The new Republican Party nominated John C. Fremont (hero of the “Bear Flag Revolt.” d. The election would go to James Buchanan.

D. Presidential Election of 1856 (Cont’d . . .)

James Buchanan 15th President 1857--1861 Party: Democratic Home State: Pennsylvania Vice President: John C. Breckenridge

James Buchanan Foreign Domestic The Supreme Court rules against Dred Scott (1857) Lincoln-Douglas Senatorial Debates (1858) President during the Raid at Harper’s Ferry (1859). President as the Confederate States of America was formed. Foreign

V. Worsening of the Crisis under Buchanan

A. The Dred Scott Decision The Dred Scott Case of 1857 a. Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri. b. When his owner died, Dred Scott sued for his freedom. c. The Supreme Court (under the leadership of Roger B. Taney) ruled against Scott. d. The court stated that Scott was not a citizen and that the Missouri Compromise had violated the 5th Amendment.

A. The Dred Scott Decision (Cont’d . . .) Roger Taney

B. Movement for Kansas Statehood Governor Walker’s Efforts Defeat of the Lecompton Constitution

C. Financial Panic of 1857 Causes Sectional Reactions

D. Lincoln-Douglas Debates Abraham Lincoln a. Abraham Lincoln (raised in rural poverty and self- taught) was a lawyer and former anti-slavery Whig. b. He had been elected to the House of Representatives and opposed Texas annexation in 1845, but had supported California’s entry into the Union in 1850. c. Lincoln was opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and became active in the new Republican Party.

D. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (Cont’d . . .) The “Little Giant” Debates “Honest Abe” (1858)

D. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (Cont’d . . .) The “Little Giant” Debates “Honest Abe” (1858)

E. John Brown’s Raid The Raid at Harper’s Ferry a. John Brown recruited an army of 19 abolitionists to carry out a slave revolt in Virginia. b. Lt. Colonel Robert Lee seized the armory and took Brown into custody.

E. John Brown’s Raid (Cont’d . . .) John Brown’s Execution a. Brown was tried, convicted, and hanged becoming a martyr for Northerners and hated by Southerners. b. The potential for Brown’s raid to succeed struck fear into the hearts of Southerners.

VI. Election of 1860

Presidential Election of 1860 The following issues were brought to the forefront in 1860: The execution of John Brown, The violence of “Bleeding Kansas,” The results of the Dred Scott case, The morality of the Fugitive Slave Act, The southern support for “states rights”

A. Democrats Deadlocked Convention “Rump” Democrats Nominate Douglas “Pro-slavers” Name Breckenridge

B. Republicans Nominate Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (Republican)

C. Constitutional Union Party John Bell (Constitutional-Union)

D. The Campaign Presidential Election of 1860 (Issues) a. The execution of John Brown, b. The violence of “Bleeding Kansas,” c. The results of the Dred Scott case, d. The morality of the Fugitive Slave Act, e. The southern support for “states rights”

E. Results Presidential Election of 1860 Lincoln won the election from the splintering of other the parties. Lincoln received only 40% of the Popular Vote (mostly in the North), but did receive almost 60% of the Electoral Vote. The Election of 1860 demonstrated that there were no longer any national parties (only sectional parties tied to economic self-interest). The gap between North and South had widened to a point of two virtual nations: industrial and agricultural.

E. Results (Cont’d . . .)

VI. Secession

A. Deep South Acts Confederate States of America a. The seven seceding states which formed a government with a written constitution. b. It stressed the independence of each state and protected slavery.

A. Deep South Acts (Cont’d . . .) Confederate States of America (CSA)

B. Buchanan’s Reaction Buchanan Speaks Out a. December 3, 1860 Speech b. Blamed Northern “agitators” c. No legal claim for seceding states d. “Lame-Duck Presidency”

C. Federal Property in Seceded South Seizing Property a. Federal arsenals b. Fort Sumter (Charleston Harbor, SC)

D. Last Compromise Attempts Crittenden Compromise- a. A final attempt of compromise offered by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to offer slavery in the western territories as well as reimbursement to Southerners for runaway slaves. b. It would have become the 13th Amendment guaranteeing slavery, instead, it was voted down.

Making Connections – Topic 16 Through the 1850s, most of the debate over slavery concerned the expansion of slavery into the territories; with Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. Discussed in the next chapter, the issue shifted to slavery itself.

Making Connections – Topic 16 Many of the Radical Republicans who designed Reconstruction (Topic 18) had been anti-slavery Republicans before the war.

Making Connections – Topic 16 The proposed transcontinental railroad that had brought about the Kansas-Nebraska crisis would finally be completed in 1869 (Topic 20).