Journal 10/10/12 Chapter 4 Explain what geologic processes are Section 1 The Rock Cycle Journal 10/10/12 Explain what geologic processes are

Journal 10/15/12 Chapter 4 How does igneous rock form? Section 1 The Rock Cycle Journal 10/15/12 How does igneous rock form?

Educreations assignment Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Educreations assignment This weekend you will tell me the story of Roger the Rock. Tell me all about his life and his adventures through the rock cycle. Remember to make the story creative and interesting but also to add a lot of information about how rocks change as they move through the rock cycle. You will be doing your story on educreations so make sure your slides are ready to go when you begin recording your voice.

Chapter 4: Rocks

Chapter 4 Table of Contents Section 1 The Rock Cycle Rocks: Mineral Mixtures Table of Contents Section 1 The Rock Cycle Section 2 Igneous Rock Section 3 Sedimentary Rock Section 4 Metamorphic Rock

Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Bellringer Most of us try to recycle the items we use in our daily lives to minimize the pollution we cause. In a way, the Earth also recycles through the rock cycle. How can a rock be recycled? How long would recycling a rock take? What would a rock look like before, during, and after the process of recycling? Record your thoughts about these questions in your science journal.

Objectives Chapter 4 Describe two ways rocks have been used by humans. Section 1 The Rock Cycle Objectives Describe two ways rocks have been used by humans. Describe four processes that shape Earth’s features. Describe how each type of rock changes into another type as it moves through the rock cycle. List two characteristics of rock that are used to help classify it.

Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter. Rocks recycle themselves. This is a constant process The series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes is called the rock cycle.

Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle

The Value of Rock Chapter 4 Very important natural resource Section 1 The Rock Cycle The Value of Rock Very important natural resource How did ancient civilizations use rock? How do we use rock today? Ancient and modern civilizations have used granite, limestone, marble sandstone, slate and other rocks as construction materials. Rock is also an important ingredient in concrete and plaster, both of which are commonly used in construction.

Ancient Civilizations Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Ancient Civilizations Sculptures The Parthenon in Greece Ancient and modern civilizations have used granite, limestone, marble sandstone, slate and other rocks as construction materials. Rock is also an important ingredient in concrete and plaster, both of which are commonly used in construction. Roman Aqueducts

Ancient Civilizations Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Ancient Civilizations Countertops Bricks Ancient and modern civilizations have used granite, limestone, marble sandstone, slate and other rocks as construction materials. Rock is also an important ingredient in concrete and plaster, both of which are commonly used in construction. Concrete

Processes That Shape the Earth Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Processes That Shape the Earth Q: What makes and destroys rocks? A: Geological processes make and destroy rock. These processes shape our planet. They also influence the type of rock that is found in certain areas. Resources

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition The process in which water, wind, ice, and heat break down rock is called weathering. Breaks rocks into tiny pieces called sediments. Sediments form together to make sedimentary rock. Takes place at the surface. So, where do you think most sedimentary rocks are found?

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another is called erosion. The process in which sediment moved by erosion is dropped or deposited (comes to rest) is called deposition.

Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Erosion

Chapter 4 Heat and Pressure High heat Crystals break down Section 1 The Rock Cycle Heat and Pressure High heat Crystals break down New “heat loving” crystals form New Rock! Crazy high heat!!! Rock melts into magma Magma rises Magma cools Eventually it solidifies

Chapter 4 Heat and Pressure High pressure Section 1 The Rock Cycle Heat and Pressure High pressure Sediments closer to the surface, layer on top of one another. Pressure causes them to “cement” together. Higher pressure Crystals stretch and become deformed New crystals can form New Rock! Sudden decrease in pressure Rock melts into magma

How the Rock Cycle Continues Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle How the Rock Cycle Continues Buried rock is exposed at the Earth’s surface by a combination of uplift and erosion. Uplift is movement within the Earth that brings rocks inside toward the surface. When uplifted rock reaches the Earth’s surface, weathering, erosion, and deposition begin.

Round and Round It Goes Chapter 4 Continual process Section 1 The Rock Cycle Round and Round It Goes Continual process New rock forming from old rock Millions to tens of millions of years No specific order: Igneous – Sedimentary – Metamorphic Sedimentary – Metamorphic – Sedimentary Metamorphic – Igneous – Sedimentary Etc…

Rock Cycle Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

Rock Classification Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Rock Classification Rock can be three main classes based on how the rock is formed: Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

Types of Rock Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

Rock Classification, continued Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Rock Classification, continued Each class of rock can be divided further, based on differences in the ways rocks form. Scientists study rocks in detail using two important criteria: composition and texture.

Rock Classification, continued Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Rock Classification, continued Composition is the chemical makeup of a rock. The minerals that make up the rock. Texture is the size, shape, and position of the rock’s grains.

Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Fine Grained Texture

Coarse Grained Texture Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle Coarse Grained Texture

Chapter 4 Section 2 Igneous Rock Bellringer Do you think rocks that cooled and solidified from lava on the Earth’s surface would look different from those that cooled and solidified from magma inside the Earth? Why? Record your response in your science journal.

Objectives Chapter 4 Describe three ways that igneous rock forms. Section 2 Igneous Rock Objectives Describe three ways that igneous rock forms. Explain how the cooling rate of magma affects the texture of igneous rock. Distinguish between igneous rock that cools within the Earth’s crust and igneous rock that cools at the Earth’s surface.

Origins of Igneous Rock Chapter 4 Section 2 Igneous Rock Origins of Igneous Rock Forms when rock melts then cools and solidifies. There are three ways magma can form: When rock is heated When pressure is released When rock changes composition Temperature: A rise in temperature can cause the minerals in a rock to melt. Different melting points cause some minerals to melt while others remain solid. Composition: When fluids such as water combine with rock, the composition of the rock changes, which lowers the melting point of the rock enough to melt it. Pressure: The high pressure deep inside the Earth forces minerals to remain solid. When hot rock rises to shallow depths, the pressure in the rock is released, and the minerals can melt.

Composition and Texture of Igneous Rock Chapter 4 Section 2 Igneous Rock Composition and Texture of Igneous Rock Felsic - Light colored igneous rocks. Rich in the elements aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium. Mafic - Dark colored igneous rocks. Rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium.

Igneous Rock Formations Chapter 4 Section 2 Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Formations Intrusive igneous rock – Forms inside the Earth Rising magma pushes its way (intrudes) into existing rock layers, cools, and hardens. Cools very slowly Crystals have a long time to grow Large crystals (coarse grain).

Igneous Rock Formations Chapter 4 Section 2 Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Formations

Igneous Rock Formations, continued Chapter 4 Section 2 Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Formations, continued Extrusive igneous rock - Forms on Earth’s surface. Rising magma pushes its way to the surface and spills out onto the ground (extrudes). Cools very rapidly Crystals don’t have much time to form Small crystals (fine grain) Where could you find lots of extrusive igneous rock?

Chapter 4 Section 3 Sedimentary Rock Bellringer Tree rings are formed each year of a tree’s life cycle. Tree rings exist because the weather changes of the seasons are reflected in the tree’s bark as the tree grows. How are layers in sedimentary rock alike or different from rings in a tree? What can geologists infer from examining sedimentary rock layers? Record your response in your science journal.

Objectives Chapter 4 Describe the origin of sedimentary rock. Section 3 Sedimentary Rock Objectives Describe the origin of sedimentary rock. Describe the three main categories of sedimentary rock. Describe three types of sedimentary structure.

Origins of Sedimentary Rock Chapter 4 Section 3 Sedimentary Rock Origins of Sedimentary Rock Weathering makes sediments. What causes weathering? Erosion moves sediments from one place to another. What causes erosion? The sediment is brought together to the lowest point and deposited (deposition) in layers. Over time layers build up.

Sedimentary Rock Cycle Chapter 4 Section 3 Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary Rock Cycle Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

Origins of Sedimentary Rock, continued Chapter 4 Section 3 Sedimentary Rock Origins of Sedimentary Rock, continued The most noticeable feature of sedimentary rock is its layers, or strata. A single, horizontal layer of rock is sometimes visible for many miles.

Composition of Sedimentary Rock Chapter 4 Section 3 Sedimentary Rock Composition of Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary rock is classified by the way it forms. Clastic sedimentary rock - sediments are cemented together by pressure and a mineral such as calcite or quartz. coarse-grained, medium-grained, or fine-grained textures.

Chapter 4 Composition of Sedimentary Rock, continued Section 3 Sedimentary Rock Composition of Sedimentary Rock, continued Chemical sedimentary rock - forms from solutions of dissolved minerals and water. As rainwater slowly makes its way to the ocean, it dissolves some of the minerals it passes through. Some of this dissolved minerals eventually crystallized and form chemical sedimentary rock. Halite (salt) is a type of chemical sedimentary rock.

Chapter 4 Composition of Sedimentary Rock, continued Section 3 Sedimentary Rock Composition of Sedimentary Rock, continued Organic sedimentary rock - skeletons and shells of sea animals, or swamp plants. These remains collect on the ocean floor and eventually become cemented together. Coal is a type of organic sedimentary rock

Sedimentary Rock Structures Chapter 4 Section 3 Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary Rock Structures Stratification is the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers. Strata differ from one another depending on the kind, size, and color of their sediment.

Sedimentary Rock Structures, continued Chapter 4 Section 3 Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary Rock Structures, continued Sedimentary rocks sometimes record the motion of wind and water waves on lakes, oceans, rivers, and sand dunes in features called ripple marks. Structures called mud cracks form when fine-grained sediments at the bottom of a shallow body of water are exposed to the air and dry out. Even raindrop impressions can be preserved in fine-grained sediments, as small pits with raised rims.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Metamorphic Rock Bellringer Write a brief description of how cookies are made. How is the mixture of raw ingredients like sedimentary rock? Do the raw ingredients of a cookie look the same after they are done baking? Describe how cookie dough metamorphoses when it is baked in an oven.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Metamorphic Rock Objectives Describe two ways a rock can undergo metamorphism. Explain how the mineral composition of rocks changes as the rocks undergo metamorphism. Describe the difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rock. Explain how metamorphic rock structures are related to deformation.

Origins of Metamorphic Rock Chapter 4 Section 4 Metamorphic Rock Origins of Metamorphic Rock Metamorphic rocks are rocks in which the structure, texture, or composition of the rock have changed. Metamorphism – “change” What animals undergo metamorphism Occurs due to changes in heat and pressure. Q: How would the heat and pressure on a rock change? A: It’s environment has to change.

Origins of Metamorphic Rock, continued Chapter 4 Section 4 Metamorphic Rock Origins of Metamorphic Rock, continued 2 types of metamorphism: Contact Metamorphism Magma rises through the crust. The surrounding rock comes into contact with the magma and heats up. The minerals in the rock change. New rock!

Origins of Metamorphic Rock, continued Chapter 4 Section 4 Metamorphic Rock Origins of Metamorphic Rock, continued Regional metamorphism Occurs in rocks buried under many other rock layers. Can also occur when pieces of Earth’s crust collide. In either case pressure and temperature in these rocks increase. That increase causes the rocks to become deformed and change minerals. New rock!

Chapter 4 Section 4 Metamorphic Rock

Composition of Metamorphic Rock Chapter 4 Section 4 Metamorphic Rock Composition of Metamorphic Rock As rocks undergo metamorphism, original minerals in a rock change into new minerals that are more stable within the new pressure and temperature conditions. Many of these new minerals form only in metamorphic rock. These are known as index minerals, and are used to estimate the temperature, depth, and pressure at which metamorphic rocks form.

Texture of Metamorphic Rock Chapter 4 Section 4 Metamorphic Rock Texture of Metamorphic Rock All metamorphic rock has one of two textures. Foliated Metamorphic Rock Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock

Texture of Metamorphic Rock, continued Chapter 4 Section 4 Metamorphic Rock Texture of Metamorphic Rock, continued Foliated Metamorphic Rock - Mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands. Foliated metamorphic rock usually contains aligned grains of flat minerals, such as biotite mica or chlorite Metamorphic rocks can become other metamorphic rocks if the environment changes again. Gneiss

Texture of Metamorphic Rock, continued Chapter 4 Section 4 Metamorphic Rock Texture of Metamorphic Rock, continued Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock - Mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands Commonly made of one or only a few minerals. During metamorphism, crystals of these minerals may change in size or the mineral may change in composition in a process called recrystallization. Marble

Metamorphic Rock Structures Chapter 4 Section 4 Metamorphic Rock Metamorphic Rock Structures Deformation is a change in the shape of a rock caused by a force placed on it. These forces may cause a rock to be squeezed or stretched. Folds, or bends, in metamorphic rock are structures that indicate a rock has been deformed.

Chapter 4 Rocks: Mineral Mixtures Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. sedimentary clastic extrusive rocks metamorphic regional igneous intrusive

Chapter 4 Rocks: Mineral Mixtures

Chapter 4 Rocks: Mineral Mixtures

End of Chapter 4

Interpreting Graphics Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Interpreting Graphics Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow.