Background Form 477 Limitations self-reported availability at census block level (11 M, 4M with zero population)  roughly 15 households on average, but varies widely availability, not uptake Limitations block unclear customer availability (DSL maxed out) data quality (e.g., highly improbable speeds) Long delay in reporting (June 2017 just now) Our study: across years, through Dec. 2016

Overall 25/3+ 98.3% of population in urban blocks has 25/3+ only 70.6% in rural blocks, 66.3% in tribal 52.6% bottom 25% of median income quartile 88.0% top 25% Similar availability by age

Technology Fixed wireless, on average, faster than DSL DOCSIS 3.0 mean speed similar to fiber 75th percentile

Data quality indicators Losing broadband for a year 67,000 blocks lost broadband 20,535 regained broadband in 2016

New deployments – 2015 vs. 2014 Lower income, lower housing valuation Predictors: household income, home value Tried ML to predict deployment, but difficult can predict non-deployment with 66% accuracy

By company AT&T largest increase, particularly 2016 Others: 10 to 20% Cable providers: almost none Google Fiber announcements seem to be a trigger warning to AT&T (100 Mbps deployment)