Emissions testing in the laboratory and on the road: Preliminary results for one Euro 6 diesel vehicle Pierre Bonnel Martin Weiss Joint Research Centre (JRC) IES - Institute for Energy and Transport Ispra – Italy

Outline Laboratory emissions testing NEDC and Artemis cycles On-road emissions testing with PEMS

Test vehicle Euro 6 diesel (4 cylinder, 1968 ccm; 105 kW, 155 g CO2/km) SCR Start-stop function Automatic transmission (normal, semi-automatic, sportive drive modes) Air conditioning

Test program + additional tests will be conducted in September Laboratory emissions testing NEDC (5 tests at 22 oC; 3 tests at -7 oC) CADC (4 tests at 22 oC; 3 tests at -7 oC) RDE-LDV random cycle 3 tests each for low, medium, and high severity; preconditioning 1 NEDC+ 1 EUDC+10 min On-road emissions testing Route 1: rural-motorway 5 tests with/without air condition, normal and sportive driving mode Route 2: rural-urban 11 tests with/without air condition, normal and sportive driving mode, start-stop Route 3: rural-uphill/downhill 6 tests with/without air condition, normal, sportive, and semiautomatic driving mode + additional tests will be conducted in September

Test routes Route 1: rural and motorway driving Route 2: rural and urban driving Route 3: rural and sever uphill-downhill driving with an elevation difference of 800 m Route 4: motorway; representing high-speed driving at speeds of up to 130 km/h

Test equipment Emissions measured from cold start, including cranking Source: Sensors inc. Emissions measured from cold start, including cranking Use of standard commercial fuels Weight and size of PEMS equipment acceptable but not negligible (250 kg; including second driver, batteries and accessories) Power supply: the use of batteries restricts the test durations to roughly 2 hours

Results: Laboratory emissions testing

Laboratory emissions testing NEDC and Artemis cycles – Gaseous emissions

Laboratory emissions testing Random RDE-LDV cycles – CO2 emissions

Results: On-road emissions testing with PEMS

On-road emissions testing Average on-road emissions [g/km] - Overview

On-road emissions testing Average on-road NOX emissions expressed as Conformity Factor

On-road emissions testing Averaging window NOX emissions as Conformity Factor

On-road emissions testing Statistical analysis of the averaging window NOX emissions

On-road emissions testing Statistical analysis of the averaging window NOX emissions Cumulative CO2 mass equivalent to type approval, i.e., 1.7 kg Distance of the NEDC, i.e., 11.007 km Time of the NEDC, i.e., 1180 s   AVG STDEV Max Min 10-Percentile Median 90-Percentile Conformity Factor Route 1: rural-motorway CO2 1.9 1.0 8.4 0.2 0.9 1.8 3.1 Distance 0.8 6.6 2.8 Time 2.0 0.7 4.4 0.6 3.0 Route 2: rural-urban 2.2 1.1 7.4 0.3 3.4 5.7 0.5 2.1 3.5 6.1 Route 3: rural-uphill/ downhill 4.1 9.5 4.0 6.5 3.7 1.3 3.8 5.4 1.4 7.6

Conclusions Substantial reduction in NOX emissions NEDC emissions are below the Euro 6 emission limit Low temperatures substantially increase NOX emissions On-road NOX emissions in range of the Euro 5 emissions limit Emissions the on Route 3 are substantially elevated (engine load, exhaust cooling during downhill driving) Using distance as reference parameter results in lower averaging window emissions than using cumulative CO2 mass as reference parameter

Next steps Analyzing emissions of the RDE-LDV random cycle testing Analyzing on-road NOX emissions as function of engine load, catalyst temperatures, and road characteristics (based on the Euro 6 vehicle) Validation of PEMS against laboratory equipment

Thank you! Joint Research Centre (JRC) IES - Institute for Energy and Transport Ispra – Italy Pierre Bonnel (pierre.bonnel@jrc.ec.europa.eu) Martin Weiss (martin.weiss@jrc.ec.europa.eu)