GLOBAL CRIME: TRENDS & ISSUES Global Crime and International Legal Responses Studying Law at Roma Tre April – May 2018 Ambassador Dr Uglješa Ugi Zvekić GLOBAL CRIME: TRENDS & ISSUES

Last Century Aftermath II World War II WW: geopolitically broader than I WW (Japan; Asia; Arab counties) Nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Division of Europe: Western and Eastern blocks (Germany divided in Western and Eastern) China & Cuba socialist revolution – greater role Cold War Nuclear weapons Anti-Colonialism

Last Century Aftermath II World War (2) Technological developments: computers/internet/air industry/communication systems (mobile) Space: competition between USA and USSR/Europe and China join in Landing on the Moon/Joint Space Missions Transnational crime/International responses

Towards Today GLOBALISATION (trade/financial exchange/cyber space/illicit flows/transnational organized crime/migration) Fall of the Berlin War and European communism (capitalism; fall of the apartheid: increased cooperation) China Reforms Germany Unification Disintegration of USSR/Czecho- Slovakia/Yugoslavia

TODAY: Issues & Challenges Conflicts Iraq; Syria; Lybia; Yemen; Nigeria; Ukraina Migration Towards EU/USA: from Africa; Middle East; Asia Tensions and new actors USA and Russia China EU BRIC(S): Brazil, Russia, India, China (South Africa) International scene - G 7(8); G20; NAM; regional and subregional organizations ; UN role marginalized

TODAY: Risks* Economic and Financial Crisis Energy Security Vulnerable communication and data systems- cyber attacks Inequalities/ Unemployment/Labour Exploitation Migration Transnational Organized Crime/Corruption/Data Fraud and Theft *World Economic Forum;: Global Risks 2015

What Worries the World IPSOS September 2016 Wrong Track Main Issues 25 coutries 62% think that things in their country are on the wrong track In Europe: more than 50% China, India, Peru, Canada; Russia: more than 50% in right direction Unemployment Financial/Political Corruption Poverty/Inequality Crime and Violence

Crime Follow the trend lines, not the headlines : FIRST: a decline in violent crime over time* SECOND: an increase in global organized crime and corruption and terrorism accompanied by THIRD: Increase in International Legal Responses and Cooperation * Steven Pinker, Andrew Mack: Declining Violence in the World, 2014

GENOCIDE and OTHER CIVILIAN DEATHS World War II: 350 per 100,000 per year. it has been falling ever since, though punctuated by spikes of dying in Biafra (1966–1970, 200,000  deaths), Sudan (1983–2002, 1 million), Afghanistan (1978–2002, 1 million), Indonesia (1965–1966, 500,000), Angola (1975–2002, 1 million), Rwanda (1994, 500,000), Bosnia (1992-1995, 60,000 – 100,000) Syria (2011 - ) ?

WORLD: MASS KILLINGS

RECENT INCREASE OF WARS Red Curve: The number of wars jumped from four in 2010—the lowest total since the end of World War II—to eight in 2014. Afghanistan, DRC Iraq, Nigeria, , South Sudan, Syria Lybia Ukraine

EXTREME ISLAMIST FACTOR Number of countries experiencing high or very high levels of “religious hostilities” increased by more than 40% .

MIGRATION WAVE Destination Western Europe (Germany;Austria; UK;Scandinavia) USA Origins Africa (Somalia; Eritrea; Mali; Chad; Nigeria;) Asia & Middle East (Afganistan; Paksitan;Iraq; Syria; Lybia)

GLOBAL CORRUPTION & ORGANIZED CRIME With increased globalization (trade; travel; communication; capital; people): INCREASE IN: Transnational Organized Crime Corruption Human Trafficking (sex and labour exploitation) Smuggling of Migrants Drugs Economic Crime Wild Life Exploitation

GLOBAL GEOPOLITCAL CONFIGURATION EXPLORING LINKAGES GLOBAL ORGANIZED CRIME and CORRUPTION TRENDS INTERNATIONAL LEGAL RESPONSES In the context of GLOBAL GEOPOLITCAL CONFIGURATION

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