Unit IV: The National Period Expansion and Growth Unit IV: The National Period

I. Louisiana Purchase In 1803, President Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for only $15 million Doubled the size of the United States overnight

II. Lewis and Clark Jefferson commissioned an expedition to explore the new territory Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean with the help of their Native American interpreter and guide, Sacagawea

III. Manifest Destiny Belief that it is the fate or destiny of America to stretch its borders from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean Population growth in the US triggered settlement westward 1780: 2.7 million 1830: 12 million

IV. Florida Pinckney Treaty (1795): Spain controlled Florida The US and Spain agreed to control Native Americans on their respective sides of the border The Seminoles of Florida began attacking southern Georgia, but Spain did nothing to stop them

General Andrew Jackson invaded Florida to suppress the Seminoles Spain was outraged but realized they could not maintain control of Florida Adams-Onis Treaty (1819): Spain gave Florida to the US The US gave up claims to parts of the southwest, including Texas

V. Industrial Revolution Increase in mechanization (use of machines) in the United States from 1790-1800’s Growth of Cities Northern Economy: based on manufacturing Southern Economy: based on agriculture

BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Lowell (or Waltham) Factory System Francis Cabot Lowell First dual-purpose textile plants employees Lowell towns New England Textile Centers: 1830s Pojer (both) Lowell, Mass. in 1850

Middlesex Company Woolen Mills, Lowell, Massachusetts, c Middlesex Company Woolen Mills, Lowell, Massachusetts, c. 1848, artist unknown Pageant 13e Middlesex Company Woolen Mills, Lowell, Massachusetts, c. 1848, artist unknown In the 1830s an unknown artist painted Middlesex Company Woolen Mills, portraying the hulking mass of the mill buildings. The company organized all the manufacturing processes at a single location, in Lowell, Massachusetts, on the Merrimack River. (Museum of American Textile History) Middlesex Company Woolen Mills, Lowell, Massachusetts, c. 1848, artist unknown Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Lowell Girls Lowell Girls - typical “profile” Early Textile Loom Pojer Lowell Girls - typical “profile” Factory Girls Association Lowell Boarding Houses

The Growth of Cotton Textile Manufacturing, 1810–1840 Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/

2. Cotton Gin Invented by Eli Whitney Separates the seed from the cotton Established a “Cotton Kingdom” in the South as cotton became the staple crop Farmers searched for more farmland out west More slaves were needed

3. Interchangeable Parts System of uniform parts that can be interchanged Developed by Eli Whitney for gun manufacturing Interchangeable Parts Hand Crafted

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION turnpikes National Road Pojer

4. Canals Man-made water ways Served as highways for transporting goods and crops Erie Canal (1825): connected the Great lakes to the Hudson River across NY state

1. Steam Engine James Watts:Invented the Steam Engine in England Samuel Slater: brought steam engine technology to the US; created the first domestic textile mill Robert Fulton: first successful Steam boat, the Clermont (1807)

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION Steamboats Robert Fulton Clermont (1807) Impact on transportation and trade http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1815_1860.html Robert Fulton’s Clermont plies the Hudson River

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION Erie Canal (1825) Significance Cost of trade Direction of trade Settlement of NW New York City Upstate NY Canal boom Pojer Early 19C Industrialization (both)

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION Principal Canals in 1840 Roads and Canals, 1820-1850 Principal canals – Pojer; Roads & Canals 1850 - Henretta, America’s History 5e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral Canal boom Effect on transportation and trade patterns

Paths of Northern Migration after 1800 http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/templates/student_resources/0030724791_ayers/maps/9.4.html

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION Railroads Baltimore & Ohio RR (1830) short lines trunk lines Pojer

5. Railroads Swift and efficient transportation between major cities Utilized Watt’s steam engine technology In 1828, the first American railroad connected Baltimore and Ohio (B&O Railroad)

Mohawk And Hudson Railroad’s Dewitt Clinton http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1815_1860.html

VI. Market Revolution Buying and selling of goods outside the home for the purpose of gaining wealth Free Market System: Companies compete for profits Capital: companies and individuals borrow money from banks to invest with

POPULATION GROWTH 1775 2.5 Million 1790 4 Million 1820 10 Million Jones, et al., Created Equal

POPULATION GROWTH Causes Natural increase Immigration Divine, America Past & Present 7e Immigration to the United States, 1820-1860

Immigration Major immigrant groups Irish Germans English National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Immigration Major immigrant groups Irish Germans English When did they come? Where did they settle? Immigration to the United States, 1820-1860 Pie chart - Pojer Graph - Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/

Participation of Irish and German Immigrants in the New York City Workforce for Selected Occupations, 1859 Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/

The distribution of foreign-born residents of the United States in 1860. Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/

Immigration & Nativism Native American Association Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner American (“Know-Nothing”) Party   http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1853_1860.html Recent immigrants, from Harper’s Weekly, 1858