Religious and Political Change in England, 1500s-1700
The Protestant Reformation, 1500s-1600s Religious reformers: Catholic church was corrupt and immoral Involvement in political intrigues and wars The selling of indulgences The charging for services the church declared were necessary for salvation Using (often poor) parishioners’ money to fund further development. Sex scandals (mistresses, illegitimate children) surrounding high ranking church officials, including several popes.
Reformation Leaders Martin Luther John Calvin Helped touch off the Reformation The bible, not church leaders (priests, popes), was the ultimate authority Divine grace alone determines salvation John Calvin Calvinism was the dominant Protestant theology in England Shared with Luther a belief in original sin, divine grace, and the bible as the actual word of God.
The Reformation in England Henry VIII (1509-1547) and divorce Pope: no divorce from Catharine of Aragon Henry VIII set up Church of England The break w/ Rome encouraged English Calvinists to influence the Church of England
Political and Economic Change Catholic lands Seized and sold by Henry VIII Gave nobility and gentry more economic and political power Strengthened the power of Parliament Rising gentry class Drawn to Calvinism By 1530s, England a limited monarchy.
England Empire began under Elizabeth I Defeat of the Spanish Armada A subcontracted empire As escape valve Population and manufacturing enclosure
Swinging Back and Forth “Bloody” Mary (Mary Tudor, 1553-1558), Catholic Elizabeth I (1558-1603), CoE James I (1603-1625), CoE Charles I (1625-1649), CoE, suspected Catholic The English Commonwealth (1649-1661), Puritan Charles II (1660-1685), CoE James II (1685-1688), Catholic William and Mary (1689-1702), CoE
Early Colonies, 1600s
The West Indies Barbados Jamaica Sugar Labor New ideas about whiteness The Barbadian slave code Jamaica Sugar and pirates Port Royal
Roanoke, 1585, 1587 First Attempt Second Attempt Wingina and the Algonquins Second Attempt Croatoan
Jamestown, 1607 Powhatan and the Algonquin Jamestown as death trap 1607-1622: 10,000 emigrated. 1622: 500 alive “A more damned crew hell never vomited.” John Smith Capture of Pocahontas
Tobacco as a Cash Crop Headrights Wealthy men imported indentured servants Conflict with Algonquins 1622, 1623, 1632, 1644.
The Chesapeake Colonies Virginia and Maryland, 1632 The middling classes “Competitive, ruthless, avaricious, crude, callous, and insecure.” (Taylor) Lifestyle Indentured servants 1660s, economic downturn
Bacon’s Rebellion 1676 Nathaniel Bacon vs. William Berkeley Conflict with Indians Who would control the colony? Impact of the rebellion
The Middle Colonies Diversity Consolidating power 1664 England seizes New Netherlands The Covenant Chain From New Jersey, to East and West Jersey, and back to New Jersey, 1702 Pennsylvania, 1680 William Penn, Quakerism Delaware, 1704
New England Puritanism in England Population Land Distribution Fishing Merger of religious and political authority Charles I (1625-1649) The Great Migration, 1630-1642 Beliefs Population Land Distribution Fishing England and New England
Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay John Smith Plymouth 1620 Pilgrims Massachusetts Bay 1630 (the “City upon a Hill”) Established families Government Highly democratic (for the time period) Towns officially were governed by the king. Unofficially, they largely governed themselves. Strict division between church leadership and government leadership (not a theocracy) However, the courts enforced church law as well as civil law
Religious Dissent Quakers Puritans Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson
Relations with Indians Land Burnings and shaping the landscape Different concepts of property Wampum Pequot War, 1636-37 Praying towns, 1640s