Classifying Chemical Compounds

Classifying Compounds We already know how to classify compounds based on the type of bond they form. Ionic Covalent We already know how classify compounds into other categories Acids Bases

Classifying _________________ and Inorganic Compounds

Today’s Objectives Be able to define and recognize: Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Alcohols Become familiar with the 3 models of Organic Compounds: Structural Formula Ball-and-stick Model Space-Filling Model Become more confident at recognizing Combustion Equations

Every compound in the world is classified as either Organic, or Inorganic Did you know that well over 50% of all known compounds on earth are Organic compounds??

Organic compounds In the early 19th Century scientists found out that living organisms produced a large number of compounds containing Carbon! Today we know that Organic compounds contain carbon (C) (and usually hydrogen (H)) Sometimes other types of atoms are also attached, including: oxygen, halogens, and nitrogen

HCl H4C CH4 Organics vs Acids Organic molecules always have C before H in their formulas. H4C CH4 HCl This differentiates organic compounds from acids, which almost always start with H.

Is that why foods are called “organic”? Organic actually derives from “coming from life”, because the compounds that plants and animals make are all C-compounds This is not the meaning of organic foods though! In this case organic foods refer to being produced without chemicals (ironically many of these chemicals are actually ORGANIC compounds!)

Inorganic Compounds CO CO2 Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon… with 3 exceptions: Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide Compounds containing cyanide (CN- ) and carbonate (CO3-) ions Acids containing C—these can be identified because H is written before the C! CO CO2

CARBON Carbon has four electrons in its valence shell, which allows for more chemical bonding possibilities than any other element. Long chains of carbons form petroleum and plastics Some cyclic (“circular”) rings of carbons form pesticides The acetaminophen molecule: the active ingredient in Tylenol

Complex Carbon Chains

There are 2 Types of Organic compounds Hydrocarbons Alcohols

Hydrocarbons A hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are based on a carbon “backbone”, or chain, with hydrogen atoms added on the sides All hydrocarbons are flammable, and most are liquids are room temperature

Hydrocarbons Methane (CH4)--- main component of natural gas The simplest hydrocarbons are ones that you might recognize… Methane (CH4)--- main component of natural gas Ethane (C2H6)--- also found in natural gas Propane (C3H8) --- used as a fuel for BBQs Butane (C4H10) --- an extremely flammable fluid used in industrial torches Octane (C8H18)---a combustible liquid in gasoline

Alcohols are organic compounds with C, H and O. Alcohols are generally very flammable

Alcohols The simplest alcohols are: Methanol (CH4O)--- used in labs as a solvent, but causes blindness! Ethanol (C2H6O)---is a psychoactive drug (present in alcohol), but is now being considered as a fuel source Isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O)---rubbing alcohol used to sterilize cuts

ORGANIC OR NOT??? DNA ORGANIC---DNA is has a sugar backbone, which consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

ORGANIC OR NOT??? Vegetable Oil ORGANIC--- oils and fats are long-chain carbon compounds, which are used by living things as a way of storing energy

ORGANIC OR NOT??? Sulphuric Acid NOT! Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is the strong acid found in car batteries, but doesn’t contain carbon and isn’t organic

ORGANIC OR NOT??? Corn starch ORGANIC! Starch is produced by plants as a way of storing sugars that they don’t need right away

ORGANIC OR NOT??? Copper (II) Sulphate NOT! Copper (II) sulphate is a beautiful blue crystal, but does not contain carbon and is definitely not organic!

Three different representations: Structural formula- lists the elements and their proportions in the order they are bonded Methane CH4 Methanol CH3OH Acetic Acid (Vinegar) CH3COOH

Three different representations: Ball-and-stick model- each element is given a different colour and/or size and the picture shows how many and how the elements are bonded Each black ball represent C… Each white ball represents H… The red ball represents O… This is Ethanol! (alcohol group -0H)

Three different representations: Space-filling model- similar to a ball-and-stick model, but an animated model that shows how elements are connected Methylisocyanate- a valuable synthetic component for biology CH3N=C=S Heme- the iron-containing component of hemoglobin, C34H32FeN4O4

Combustion Reaction of Ethanol All Combustion Reaction have HEAT as a Product! C2H50H + O2  3 3 H2O + CO2 2 EXOTHERMIC Carbon Dioxide gas Alcohol Oxygen Gas Water