Warm-Up 9APR18 What reasons did Italy have for adopting fascism? Dissatisfied with the Treaty of Versailles – wanted more Economic distress Fear of Communism Rise of Benito Mussolini as leader March on Rome

Post WWI – Road to War Warm-Up This Date in History Fascist Italy Check on Learning Intro to Japan Soviet Union

Road to War The Five Main Causes of WWII were: The harshness of the Treaty of Versailles World-Wide Economic Strife The Rise of Fascism Failure of the League of Nations Desire to avoid war by Democratic countries – Desire for war by Fascist Dictators

Post WWI – Road to War In Germany, the Weimar Republic faced economic and political problems France became powerful after WWI The French government suffered during the Depression Great Britain also suffered from economic issues John Maynard Keynes tried to get the government to finance projects, but most were opposed to deficit spending

Post WWI – Road to War The US experienced rapid growth during the 1920s, but it was really false prosperity The new president, FDR, proposed the New Deal, which included some of Keynes ideas

Post WWI – Road to War Fascism: A political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition

Post WWI – Road to War Between 1919 and 1939, many countries adopted dictatorships This led to totalitarianism, or governments that wanted to control all aspects of their citizens’ lives There were no individual freedoms or limits to government power

European Governments Which countries adopted fascism during the 1930’s?

Post WWI – Road to War Benito Mussolini established a Fascist government in the early 1920s In a Fascist government, the government is led by a dictator and any opposition is oppressed Mussolini’s movement gained power because people were afraid socialism would take over as it did in Russia Mussolini formed armed groups called Blackshirts who attacked socialists and strikers

Post WWI – Road to War Mussolini appealed to nationalist pride by demanding more land from the WWI settlements He was eventually able to gain enough power to overthrow the Italian king His government set up a secret police force called El Duce to control society They also used the media to spread propaganda

Fascism in Italy RISE OF MUSSOLINI TO PRIME MINISTER 1921 elections - the Fascist membership expanded to the upper class, solidified in the middle class and gained support from WWI veterans and students The Fascist used disorder to create an aura of the viable solution. Mussolini and his blackshirts seized power by threatening to take it. On October 29, 1922 King Victor Emmanuel III named Mussolini Prime Minister of Italy

Fascism in Italy MUSSOLINI TO DICTATOR Through control of the media, indoctrination classes and pre-military training, the Fascists hoped to create the new Italian Empire This new Italian would be hard working, physically fit, disciplined, intellectually sharp and martially inclined The Fascists contained many traditional Italian values, the woman was the center of the household, and encouraged women to stay at home and have babies

Fascism in Italy

Post WWI – Road to War Mussolini and Hitler would form an alliance in 1939 “Pact of Steel”

Check on Learning Who was the economist who advocated “Deficit Spending”? What is Fascism? Which Italian king handed power over to Mussolini? What was the goal of Mussolini and the Fascist Party in Italy? With whom did Mussolini sign the “Pact of Steel” *You have 5 minutes to answer

Post WWI – Road to War Japan adopted western customs after 1900 and became very prosperous Zaibatsu were large financial and industrial corporations They controlled Japanese industry with help from the government Wealth was concentrated in relative few Economic issues led to unrest as the Great Depression impacted the poor Some wanted a return to traditional values

Post WWI – Road to War The Japanese had extended their empire to get natural resources Western nations, like the US, eventually opposed their expansion The US wanted to keep Asia open for trade, and along with other nations restricted Japanese expansion to southern Manchuria Many of the economic problems led to a push for militarism and a switch in the government They reversed many of the western ideas The army advocated an invasion of the rest of Manchuria, even though the government opposed it The invasion took place and caused friction between Japan and the US

Post WWI – Road to War After the Russian Revolution, some Marxist ideas took hold in Asia Lenin created the Comintern, an organization of worldwide Communist Parties He educated individuals in Moscow, and sent them back to their own countries Parties spread throughout Asia

Post WWI – Road to War Some parties, like China had great success by cooperating with existing nationalist parties Ho Chi Minh organized the Vietnamese Communists in French Indochina Other nations were uninterested in Communism

Post WWI – Road to War After the Communist revolution of 1917, the Soviet Union was near collapse in 1920 Vladimir Lenin, the Soviet leader, created the New Economic Policy (NEP) This allowed for modified capitalism Peasants could sell produce and small businesses could be privately owned, but the government still controlled heavy industries and banking

Road to War The Death of Vladimir Lenin created a power struggle in the Soviet Union between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky

Road to War The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin: Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky were the leaders designated to take over after the death of Vladimir Lenin Stalin and other leaders forced Trotsky into exile

Road to War Stalin’s 5 YEAR PLANS - plan to modernize Russia’s economy and its industrial complex All economic activity was brought under government control and was aimed at building heavy industry, improving transportation and farm output Between 1928 and 1939, large factories, hydroelectric plants and oil refineries were built and the production of oil, steel and coal rose

Road to War The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin: COLLECTIVES-Stalin also forced peasants to give up their private lands and farm on collectives Resisters were often killed - Stalin targeted the wealthy peasants(Kulaks), for elimination, took their land and sent them to labor camps The effects of collectivization were that the peasants revolted, their grain was seized and between 5 to 8 million peasants starved in just the Ukraine.

Road to War The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin: THE GREAT PURGE Because of Stalin’s paranoia, he began in 1934, targeting older Bolsheviks, military officers, industrial managers, writers and ordinary citizens

Road to War The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin: Stalin used his secret police, the KGB to root out those who were believed to oppose Stalin and their “trials” ended in execution or being sentenced to labor camps The elimination of 90% of the officers in the military would haunt the USSR during WWII.

Democracy fail in E. Europe Parliamentary systems were adopted in Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Balkans, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary Failed because these countries had no tradition of political democracy Most of the populations were rural, agrarian and illiterate Traditions rooted in the Manorial system Only Czechoslovakia, with its strong middle class and strong industrial base remained democratic

Check on Learning Who was designated to take over the Soviet Union after the death of Vladimir Lenin? What happened to Leon Trotsky? What was the name of the plan to improve the Soviet Union’s industry and economy? How were opponents of Stalin dealt with? Who was targeted with “The Great Purge” What was the name of the Soviet Secret Police? ANSWER THE QUESTION AND TURN IN.