Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals Fourth Edition By Marilyn Friend Kerri Martin, Contributor Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed, Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Chapter 8 Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives Outline the development of the field of intellectual disabilities; define current terminology, including developmental disabilities; explain the prevalence and causes Describe characteristics of individuals with ID Explain how intellectual disabilities are identified Outline how learners with ID receive their education Describe recommended educational practices for students with intellectual disabilities Explain the perspectives and concerns that parents and families of students with intellectual disabilities may have Identify trends and issues influencing the field of intellectual disabilities Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of the Field of ID Time Period Person or Group Event Early 19th c. Researchers Study of people with ID 20th century Viewed as inherited; criminal tendencies Early 20th c. Medical Shifts to custodial care; away from education; low point 1961 Professionals Mental Retardation replaces derogatory terms 1972 PARC FAPE for children with ID 1992 AAMR Includes context in definition; adaptive behavior 2010 Rosa’s Law All federal language changed to intellectual disabilities Book title, #Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

IDEA Definition “…significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.” (IDEA 20 U.S.C. §1401 [2004], 20 C.F.R. §300.8[c][13]) Book titleSpecial Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

AAIDD Definition Characterized by intellectual and adaptive behavioral limitations emerging before 18 years of age: Must be assessed in environments typical for age and culture Must consider cultural, linguistic, communication, and sensory factors Must consider strengths as well as limitations Purpose of describing limitations is to develop support needs Appropriate personalized supports will, over time, improve the life functioning of the individual with ID Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prevalence of Intellectual Disabilities 0.75% in special education + 0.16% more served CDC estimates 3.65% of school-aged Little research on gender differences African American boys 2.75 times more likely than others to be identified Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Causes of Intellectual Disability Prenatal Chromosomal abnormalities (Down syndrome; Fragile X of Martin-Bell syndrome; Prader-Willi syndrome) Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Toxoplasmosis Perinatal Prematurity Birth injury (oxygen deprivation or injury) Postnatal Encephalitis Lead poisoning Brain injury Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Traditional IQ Score Range Mild Profound Moderate Severe Percentage of Population 2% 13.5% 34% 34% 13.5% 2% IQ 25 40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160 175 Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cognitive Functioning Problems Working memory Generalization Metacognition Motivation Language Academic skills Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Social, Behavior, and Emotional Characteristics More likely to be rejected by peers Immature behavior Inappropriate responses in social situations Difficulty understanding subtle social cues Problems with adaptive behaviors (communication, self-directions, etc.) Unusual behaviors related to specific disability Experience more loneliness Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Identifying Intellectual Disabilities Assessment of Intellectual Functioning Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Stanford-Binet Assessment of Adaptive Behavior AAIDD Adaptive Behavior Scale Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Assessment of Medical Factors Input from appropriate professionals needed Consideration of medicines, risks, and limitations Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Eligibility Questions Does the student’s intelligence, as measured on a formal individual assessment, fall at least 2 standard deviations below the mean (70 or below)? Does the student display deficits in adaptive behavior? Do the student’s characteristics adversely affect educational performance? Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Childhood Education Services may begin during first months of life Services are family oriented and may occur in the child’s home Most begin preschool at age 3 Programs stress language skills, motor development and pre-academic skills Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Elementary and Secondary School Services Students entitled to education in LRE Most in a special education classroom Extent of participation in the general curriculum depends on level of functioning Many options for classroom support Alternative assignments Paraprofessionals Life skills, applied academic skills, or community-based instruction Job coach Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

General Education Classroom Inclusive Practices General Education Classroom Determine percentage of school day to spend in general education on individual basis Provide a continuum of supports and placements Teams review and revise students’ progress and goals Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Helps students shift from school to adulthood Transition Helps students shift from school to adulthood Students may exit school with peers around age 18 or stay in school until age 21 Transition plan required by IDEA Team(s) provide collaborative guidance Self-determination encouraged Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Recommended Practices Task analysis Break tasks into small steps Explicitly teach each step Peer-mediated instruction Cooperative learning Peer tutoring Classwide peer tutoring Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Experience and acceptance Reactions/Concerns Parent Perspectives Experience and acceptance Reactions/Concerns Some may experiences stages of grief Affected by support (e.g., grandparents, culture, religion) Extent of intellectual impairment Age of child (life after high school) Interactions with professionals Listen to their point of view Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Which curriculum should be emphasized? Trends and Issues Which curriculum should be emphasized? The dilemma of high-stakes testing Post-secondary education opportunities Fostering self-determination Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.