Arrival of Freud!

Sigmund Freud 1856- 1939 Freud was born of Jewish parentage in Freiburg, Moravia the first of seven children. The family moved in 1860 to Vienna, Austria-Hungary (now the Czech Republic ) Freud studied medicine at the University of Vienna under Josef Breuer, a Viennese physician. From 1882 to 1886 Freud worked at the General Hospital, and experimented among others with cocaine, also using it himself. He went to Paris in 1885 to study under Jean Martin Charcot at the Salpetriere Hospital. There the hypnotic treatment of women, who suffered from a medical state called ‘hysteria’, led Freud to take an interest in psychiatry.

Influence of Josef Breuer His former tutor, Breuer, had with some success by encouraging patients to talk about their past under hypnosis. 1895 they wrote Studies in Hysteria Freud's idea was that all humans have an unconscious where potent sexual and aggressive drives, and defenses against them, struggle for supremacy. Freud ‘discovered’ the unconscious mind… but the idea has been around since Homer.

Freud and the Psychoanalytic Unconscious An iceberg is often used to provide a visual representation of Freud’s theory that most of the human mind operates unconsciously. Conscious mind - ego Unconscious mind Further divided into the id - instincts and drive and the superego – conscience

Unconscious Terms Preconscious Thoughts which are unconscious, but not repressed, able for recall Capable of becoming conscious

Unconscious Terms Ego (I) Mediator Defenses are unconscious Id (It) Instinctive part Unconscious hereditary Innate & Repressed / Acquired through experience – in conflict with ego Super ego (Over-I) Judge censor formation of ideals Parental prohibitions and denials

Diagram of the Unconscious

Mental Iceberg

The Nervous System Happy stimuli reached the nervous system – no reaction remains in a neutral state. An unhappy stimuli provokes a greater reaction with more energy needed to keep it away. Stimuli of anxious energy are repelled by the nervous system only to constantly return and to be again repelled.  So stimuli with a command and energy to move your arm, hits the nervous system and discharges its energy through the physical movement of the arm: the nervous system returns to neutral   Unhappy thought and feelings keep being repelled by the nervous system and returning to it.

Diagram of the The Nervous System Happy Thoughts Neutral Unhappy Thoughts Energy

Summary of the Nervous System The Nervous System wants to remain NEUTRAL Happy Energy / Thoughts are neutral Unhappy energy / thoughts have ENERGY are not tolerated by the nervous system Bounce off the nervous system to go where? The Unconscious?

Characteristics of the Unconscious The Unconscious is full of energy from unpleasant feelings Always wants to escape to the Conscious Always held back by the Pre Conscious and Conscious

Characteristics of the Unconscious The Unconscious cannot remain unconscious How does it escape into the conscious? How does it pass by the guards of the pre-conscious and conscious?

Characteristics of the Unconscious

Characteristics of the Unconscious Uses Disguise Opposites / Parallels / Symbols / Metaphors Usually some connection to original idea

Characteristics of the Unconscious

Unconscious diagram Conscious Pre- Conscious Unconscious

Unconscious diagram 2 Conscious Pre- Conscious Unconscious

Unconscious diagram 3 Conscious Pre- Conscious Unconscious Repression Distortion Repression Distortion Unconscious

Unconscious diagram 4 Conscious Actions Pre- Conscious Unconscious Body movements Pre- Conscious Receive from external world and Internal sources Repression Distortion Knowledge, Memories Accessible to conscious Repression Distortion Setting up of experiment Physician’s Order Unconscious

Hypnosis Example Man asked to shout “red smoke” every time the physician claps his hand Which part of the hypnosis is conscious and unconscious?

Hypnotised Person diagram Conscious Pre- Conscious Action Repression Distortion Repression Distortion Setting up of experiment Physician’s Order Unconscious

Hypnotised Person diagram Conscious Pre- Conscious Action: Shout ‘red smoke’ Repression Distortion Repression Distortion Setting up of experiment Physician’s Order: explains to person under hypnosis that when physician claps his hands he shouts ‘red smoke’ Unconscious

Intro to Kate Woman in temporary accommodation In rel. with violent boyfriend / friends don’t like him He disappeared with her flat keys Stays with him when he is asleep in the day: does not leave flat 30 minutes late to sessions

Kate Conscious Pre- Conscious Unconscious Repression Distortion Afraid to question herself / or allow others to question Conscious Pre- Conscious Fractured isolated life style Repeating pattern /men abusing her, provoking violence towards herself Repression Distortion She senses that something is wrong: leading a life she doesn’t want Repression Distortion Unconscious Anger/Ideas/Energy satisfied to maintain status quo by entering conscious in a distorted state

Kate 2 Conscious Pre- Conscious Unconscious Fear Pain Repression Afraid to question herself / or allow others to question Conscious Pre- Conscious Angry at boyfriend attracts violence Trusts and believes him, so attracts violence Repeating pattern Repression Distortion 1 2 Has access to feelings of not trusting, not believing 4 3 Repression Distortion Anger turned back by repression Unconscious Angry trying to reach conscious Unsatisfied anger gaining energy Angry situation censored Fear Pain

Repressions 1: Anger her own somebody else’s experienced as un-pleasurable so repressed Learnt anger is bad: family influence? 2: Displacement of object of anger – creates violent situation towards herself 3: Always late: no time to talk: no opportunity to explain 4: Dramatises situation to distract herself /counsellor from her feelings

Reactions Counsellor: irritated and angry on her behalf and with her Concerned for her re: violence. Frustrated with repeating pattern. Wants her to give boyfriend up Supervisor: Angry with her: repeating set up

Example – Group Therapy Group members asked about trust in the group One group member says - this group is cold Cries and relates a trauma / talks emotionally Q: How can she trust the group to speak like this?

Example – Group Therapy Group member is a coper/manager expected to manage Sets up family and friends to see her as a coper/manager

Example – Group Therapy Unconsciously set up group to be cold (even though she experiences as trusting) To remain a coper This had to be pointed out to her as she was unaware of it

Psychoanalysis Psychological theory conceived 19th / early 20th Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, Mostly by some of Freud's students, such as Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Wilhelm Reich Later by neo-Freudians such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Jacques Lacan

Psychoanalysis Development is determined by events in early childhood by irrational drives; Drives are largely unconscious Making person aware of meets resistance called defense mechanisms Conflicts between conscious and unconscious (repressed) Liberation from the effects of the unconscious is done by making it conscious with a psychoanalyst

Psychoanalysis Patient lies on the couch and talks Analyst - Blank Screen / does not speak Unconscious brought to light by Free Association Dreams Transference / Counter Transference

Psychoanalysis & Archaeology Freud’s Desk

Psychoanalysis Realising the unconscious is like an archaeological dig Brush away the earth to reveal another layer Repeat unconscious ideas to patient at each level - Directions to Jerusalem

Psychoanalysis Transference Unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another The inappropriate repetition in the present of a relationship that was important in a person's childhood Redirection of feelings and desires and especially of those unconsciously retained from childhood toward a new object Copying of emotions relating to repressed experiences, especially of childhood, and the substitution of another person ... for the original object of the repressed impulses Better understanding of the patient's feelings

Psychoanalysis Transference Transference can form a relationship of Erotic Feelings Rage / Hatred Mistrust Parent / Extreme dependence Putting therapist in a god-like or guru status

Psychoanalysis Counter-Transference Psychoanalyst’s feelings towards the patient Emotional entanglement with a patient. Psychoanalyst’s familiarity own countertransference is as critical as understanding the transference Valuable insight into what patients are attempting to elicit in them.

Counter -Transference Example Psychoanalyst who is sexually attracted to a patient Understand the countertransference aspect (if any) of the attraction, and look at how the patient might be eliciting this attraction. When the countertransference feelings are identified the therapist can ask the patient what his or her feelings are toward the therapist, Can explore how those feelings relate to unconscious motivations, desires, or fears.

Carl Jung 1875 –1961 Both Jung and Freud had profound belief in the unconscious Jung emphasised the role of symbolism Fell out: Freud not flexible enough to further Jung’s work Drew on Mythical and anthropological to illuminate (not prove) his theory

Jung / Freud Differences Freud – Scientific Psychoanalysis Theory Instincts Sexuality Conscious/Unconscious /Free A./Dreams Jung – Unscientific Analytic Psychology Archetypes Collective Unconscious, Literature, Myths and Legends

Carl Jung Archetypes The Self (ego) - archetype of wholeness Shadow – generally negative projected onto less favoured groups and indivduals Persona – the face shown to others

Carl Jung Archetypes Anima – In men feminine aspect of man Animus – In women masculine aspect of of women Function as opposites in the unconscious Influence relations of men and women to each other

Carl Jung Sources Symbols from mythology, religion, fairy tales, alchemic texts Symbols shared be everyone …. Collective Unconscious – pool of experience accessible to all

Carl Jung Jungian Analysis Goal - Analysand’s wholeness Come to terms with the Unconscious Establish on-going relationship between consciousness and the unconscious Examine relationship between unconscious and everyday life

Carl Jung Diagram of Psyche Conscious Personal Ucs Collective Ucs Self Complexes