TERRORISM: History, Forms and Challenges Legal Responses to Global Crime Threats TERRORISM: History, Forms and Challenges Law School, Univeristy of Roma Tre April – May 2018 Ambassador Uglješa Ugi Zvekic

HISTORY French Revolution State Terrorism Terrorism against the State International terrorism

Main historical types Assassins (Hashishiyyin) (Persia & Syria, 11th-12th Century) Sicarii: First Century Terrorists Anarchist individual terrorism National-liberation Left-wing terrorism Religious terrorism

CHANGES in TERRORISM From local to global (not only by sites but also by membership and effects) From individually-targeted to collective-targeted From individual to organized group From vendicative to aspirational From small clandestine group to territorialy based From oral and print to e-media From “voluntary” to market and illicit trade financing From national to international responses Cyber-terrorism

MAIN FEATURES (1) SECURITY Less overall security Increased security measures Increased security industry Increased security out-sourcing Decreased feeling of safety

Main Features (2) REDUCED EASE OF MOVEMENT& PLACES Travelling (mode and places) (air;train; undreground: Brussels; Madrid: London) Sports and entertainment events (1982 Munich Olympic Games; Paris, November 2015) Political manifestations (Istanbul,2015) Shopping (Nairobi, 2015) A survey in Italy showed: 65% change their life habits because of the fear of terrorism; 73% avoids travel to a country deemed to be targeted; 53% avoids sites deemed to be targeted: 53% avoids places with crowd; 27% avoid underground/planes

Main Features (3) INCREASED NORMATIVE ACTIVITIES Anti-terrorist laws (sometimes on the edge of human rights respect) Increased powers to enforcement Increased international anti-terrorist normative activity (from the League of Nations 1934 Terrorist Convention to 28 universal instruments but as of today still no Terrorist Convention)

Main Features (4) From military and enforcement plane to financial and organized crime/corruption plane Anti-organized crime and anti-terrorism normative junction Increased emphasis on the prevention and control of terrorism financing Increased attention to e-space for terrorism and anti-terrorism Capacity to use available resources for terrorist financing (oil; diaspora tax; cultural property) Increased attention to the triangle “Organized Crime/Corruption and Terrorism” (Louise Shelly)

Main Features (5) CYBER-TERRORISM E-media for marketing and demonstration Religious-based political socialization and indoctrination through both oral as well as electronic media Decreased capacity to control electronic media transfer of messages Internet based contacts and organization Use of public media for demonstration and marketing E-based financing

RESPONSES Recognition of the inadequacy of current international institutional arrangements Targets: 4 (USA; RUSSIA; France; UK) permanent members of the Security Council (but China also) Need for more international cooperation Security Council reform Developmental agenda: Interlinkages of terrorism with other developmental and crime issues (inequality; poverty; migration; organized crime; corruption; human rights)

EDUCATION & DIALOQUE Education and Interfaith tolerance and dialogue Within the Islamic religious community With Christian churches With other denominations Increased role of education in terrorism prevention

UN Security Council Terrorism List Resolution of 20 April 2016 259 individuals 75 groups

CONCLUSIONS Terrorism of today: religious-based political socialization and territorial strongholds Territorial spread of strongholds (Iraq/Syria/Lybia/Mali/Somalia/Nigeria) and cell locations (Europe/USA/Russia) International membership (also from second generation migrants) It requires focused but comprehensive responses Beyond the security plane Developmental, political and human rights responses The role of the UN of utmost importance but it must be reformed