Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-1 Life Is Cellular Photo Credit: © Quest/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Discovery of the Cell What is the cell theory? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Discovery of the Cell The cell theory states: All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. New cells are produced from existing cells. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Exploring the Cell Electron Microscopes Electron microscopes reveal details 1000 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes. Electron microscopy can be used to visualize only nonliving, preserved cells and tissues. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Exploring the Cell Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) Used to study cell structures and large protein molecules Specimens must be cut into ultra-thin slices Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall history Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes. All cells: are surrounded by a barrier called a cell membrane. at some point contain DNA. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Cells are classified into two categories, depending on whether they contain a nucleus. The nucleus is a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA. The nucleus controls many of the cell's activities. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Eukaryotes are cells that contain nuclei. Prokaryotes are cells that do not contain nuclei. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes What are the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus. Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. Bacteria are prokaryotes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1st single cells Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells generally contain dozens of structures and internal membranes. Many eukaryotic cells are highly specialized. Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall birth of eukaryotes Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-1 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-1 The cell theory states that new cells are produced from nonliving material. existing cells. cytoplasm. animals. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-1 The person who first used the term cell was Matthias Schleiden. Lynn Margulis. Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Robert Hooke. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-1 Electron microscopes are capable of revealing more details than light microscopes because electron microscopes can be used with live organisms. light microscopes cannot be used to examine thin tissues. the wavelengths of electrons are longer than those of light. the wavelengths of electrons are shorter than those of light. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-1 Which organism listed is a prokaryote? protist bacterium fungus plant Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-1 One way prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes is that they contain DNA, which carries biological information. have a surrounding barrier called a cell membrane. do not have a membrane separating DNA from the rest of the cell. are usually larger and more complex. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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Explain the Endosymbiotic Theory
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Photo Credit: © Quest/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
PRETEST Cell Rap
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Eukaryotic Cell Structures Structures within a eukaryotic cell that perform important cellular functions are known as organelles. Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The Cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Plant Cell Ribosome (free) Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Vacuole Nucleolus Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cell wall Chloroplast Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (attached) Cell membrane Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Eukaryotic Cell Structures Animal Cell Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (free) Cell membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (attached) Centrioles Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
MAKE FLASHCARDS PICTURE OF ORGANELLE FUNCTION(s) OF ORGANELLE A PICTURE/DRAWING OF SOMETHING IN LIFE THAT WOULD HAVE THE SAME JOB. Show examples
REMEMBER: ALL CELLS HAVE Cells do not all have the same function. Cell membrane Ribosomes Cytoplasm Genetic material (usually in the form of DNA) Cells do not all have the same function. Prokaryotes are bacterial cells Eukaryotes are found in all of the other kingdoms – plant, animal, Protista, fungi
REMINDER: It is theorized that eukaryotes evolved the various organelles by a large prokaryote cell engulfing (eating) a smaller prokaryote This is called the Endosymbiotic Theory THE FOLLOWING SLIDES WILL REVIEW THE VARIOUS CELL ORGANELLES. WRITE DOWN THE NAME AND THE FUNCTION
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleus What is the function of the nucleus? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleus The nucleus is the control center of the cell. The nucleus contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleus The Nucleus Chromatin Nuclear envelope Nucleolus The nucleus controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary information of DNA. The DNA combines with protein to form chromatin, which is found throughout the nucleus. The small, dense region in the nucleus is the nucleolus. Nuclear pores Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ribosomes What is the function of the ribosomes? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ribosomes One of the most important jobs carried out in the cell is making proteins. Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Endoplasmic Reticulum What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Endoplasmic Reticulum There are two types of ER—rough and smooth. Ribosomes Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts What is the function of the mitochondria? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Mitochondria Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria. Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. Mitochondrion Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What is the function of chloroplasts? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chloroplasts Plants and some other organisms contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. Chloroplast Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Centrioles are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. Cell Organelle Interactive Plant and Animal Model Interactive Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
CELL WALL Organelle Song
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 In the nucleus of a cell, the DNA is usually visible as a dense region called the nucleolus. the nuclear envelope. granular material called chromatin. condensed bodies called chloroplasts. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 Two functions of vacuoles are storing materials and helping to break down organelles. assemble proteins. maintain homeostasis. make new organelles. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 Chloroplasts are found in the cells of plants only. plants and some other organisms. all eukaryotes. most prokaryotes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus? synthesize proteins. modify proteins. sort proteins. package proteins. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-2 Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton? manufactures new cell organelles assists in movement of some cells from one place to another releases energy in cells modifies, sorts, and packages proteins Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-3 Cell Boundaries 7-3 Cell Boundaries Photo Credit: © Quest/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall All cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible barrier known as the cell membrane. Many cells also produce a strong supporting layer around the membrane known as a cell wall. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cell Membrane Cell Membrane The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cell Membrane The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cell Walls What is the main function of the cell wall? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cell Wall Cell walls are found in plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries Measuring Concentration A solution is a mixture of two or more substances. The substances dissolved in the solution are called solutes. The concentration of a solution is the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries What happens during diffusion? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries Particles in a solution tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. This process is called diffusion. When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system, the system has reached equilibrium. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall When equilibrium is reached, solute particles continue to diffuse across the membrane in both directions. Diffusion depends upon random particle movements. Therefore, substances diffuse across membranes without requiring the cell to use energy. Diffusion is the process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. Diffusion does not require the cell to use energy. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Osmosis What is osmosis? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Osmosis Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall How Osmosis Works Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. In the first beaker, water is more concentrated on the right side of the membrane. As a result, the water diffuses (as shown in the second beaker) to the area of lower concentration. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Water tends to diffuse from a highly concentrated region to a less concentrated region. If you compare two solutions, three terms can be used to describe the concentrations: hypertonic (“above strength”). hypotonic (“below strength”). isotonic (”same strength”) http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Osmotic Pressure Osmosis exerts a pressure known as osmotic pressure on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Glucose molecules Facilitated Diffusion http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.htmlhttp://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html During facilitated diffusion, molecules, such as glucose, that cannot diffuse across the cell membrane’s lipid bilayer on their own move through protein channels instead. Protein channel Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Active Transport Active Transport Sometimes cells move materials in the opposite direction from which the materials would normally move—that is against a concentration difference. This process is known as active transport. Active transport requires energy. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Active Transport Molecular Transport In active transport, small molecules and ions are carried across membranes by proteins in the membrane. Energy use in these systems enables cells to concentrate substances in a particular location, even when diffusion might move them in the opposite direction. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Molecular Transport Molecule to be carried Active Transport Active transport of particles against a concentration difference requires transport proteins and energy. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Endocytosis and Exocytosis Endocytosis is the process of taking material into the cell. Two examples of endocytosis are: phagocytosis pinocytosis During exocytosis, materials are forced out of the cell. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPKvHrD1eS4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-3 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-3 Unlike a cell wall, a cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer. provides rigid support for the surrounding cell. allows most small molecules and ions to pass through easily. is found only in plants, fungi, algae, and many prokaryotes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-3 The concentration of a solution is defined as the volume of solute in a given mass of solution. mass of solute in a given volume of solution. mass of solution in a given volume of solute. volume of solution in a given mass of solute. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-3 If a substance is more highly concentrated outside the cell than inside the cell and the substance can move through the cell membrane, the substance will move by diffusion from inside the cell to outside. remain in high concentration outside the cell. move by diffusion from outside to inside the cell. cause water to enter the cell by osmosis. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-3 The movement of materials in a cell against a concentration difference is called facilitated diffusion. active transport. osmosis. diffusion. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-3 The process by which molecules diffuse across a membrane through protein channels is called active transport. endocytosis. facilitated diffusion. osmosis. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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