Stimulating Neurons electrical stimulation with an electrode to bring neuron above AP threshold depolarize neuron by changing extracellular K+ concentration.

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Presentation transcript:

Stimulating Neurons electrical stimulation with an electrode to bring neuron above AP threshold depolarize neuron by changing extracellular K+ concentration apply neurotransmitters/drugs that cause ligand-gated channels to open (eg glutamate) transcranial magnetic stimulation to induce current in neurons (noninvasive because magnetic field penetrates skull, body) optogenetics: insert transgenes for channels that are light-gated

Stimulate electrically or with drug/neurotransmitter apply drug (e.g. Glutamate) that opens Na+ channels

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation magnetic field -> electric current -> depolarization

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over motor cortex and TMS paradigms assessing various inhibitory and excitatory neuronal populations. (A) TMS generates a fast, time-varying magnetic field, which penetrates the skull, inducing an electric field in underlying tissue, and depolarizes cortical neurons. At high enough intensities, stimulation of motor cortical regions results in motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in peripheral muscles controlled by these areas, which can be measured using electromyography https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-TMS-over-motor-cortex-and-TMS-paradigms-assessing_fig1_236976788

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Neuronetics NeuroStar system 40 min Rx x 5/week x 6 weeks

Optogenetics Channelrhodopsins Photoactivated Cyclases LITE Rhodopsins from microalgae and eubacteria that mediate phototaxis for photosynthesis light -> increased Na+ influx light -> incresed Cl- influx Photoactivated Cyclases light -> increased cAMP LITE light -> increased transcription

Channelrhodopsins Major classes of single-component optogenetic tools include cation-permeable channels for membrane depolarization (such as channelrhodopsins (ChRs)), chloride pumps (for example, halorhodopsin (NpHR)) and proton pumps (such as bacteriorhodopsin or proteorhodopsin (BR/PR)) for membrane hyperpolarization. Tye Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13 (2012) 251

Transgenic Mice with channelrhodopsins in dopamine cells

Fiber optics to activate channelrhodopsins in vivo

Videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kj2MqEMpj4U hypothalamic electrical stimulation of cats https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I64X7vHSHOE method of the year https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88TVQZUfYGw locomotion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlGbznBmx8M predatory swtich https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_z51OGBaWko drinking switch