Earthquakes! OBJECTIVES Differentiate between Focus & Epicenter

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Presentation transcript:

Earthquakes! OBJECTIVES Differentiate between Focus & Epicenter Movement of the 3 Faults 3 Types of Waves Differentiate between magnitude & intensity.

What causes Earthquakes?? Movement of tectonic plates Volcanic eruptions Focus: Origin of the earthquake inside the earth. Epicenter: Point directly above the earthquake’s focus on the surface of the earth. Most earthquakes occur when rocks break deep within Earth, caused by stress on the rock.

Faults The resulting fracture where the plates separate is called a fault. 3 Types of Faults Normal Fault Reverse Fault Strike-Slip Fault

Normal Fault Result of plates moving apart.

Reverse Fault Result of plates moving together.

Strike-Slip Fault Result of plates sliding past each other. Ex. San Andreas fault in California

Waves When the fault is formed, it releases built up energy in the form of seismic waves. Seismic Waves are the vibrations felt on the surface. 3 Types: P-Waves S-Waves Surface Waves

P-Waves Primary waves Rocks move back & forth under the surface. Travel the fastest Travel through ANY material Can only travel in the Earth’s interior

S-Waves Secondary waves Rocks move up & down under the surface Will only travel through solids Can only travel through the Earth’s interior. Slower than P-waves but faster than surface waves.

Surface Waves Rocks move up & down AND back & forth at the surface. (two directions) Can only travel on the Earth’s exterior

Measurement Seismometer: Instrument that detects & measures seismic waves Measures magnitude & Intensity.

Magnitude: Amount of energy released during an earthquake. Intensity: The amount of damage done to the structures involved. Magnitude does NOT change with distance from the Earthquake. (Energy is energy!!) Intensity DOES change with distance. Farther away = Less intensity

Richter Scale Measures the magnitude of an Earthquake. Ranges from 1 (weak)  10 (strong) Used mainly by the media.

Moment Magnitude Scale Used by seismologists The best scale Can be used for ALL quakes – large or small, any distance near or far.

Moment Magnitude Scale Illustrated