July 20th Please take your folder and organize it

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July 20th Please take your folder and organize it Quiz on Chromosomes, karyotypes and Cell transport Put returned papers in you folder Progress reports

Karyotype Questions; 1. What is a karyotype? 2. What are homologous chromosomes 3. How do male and female karyotypes differ? 4. What are chromosomes made out of? 5. What do chromosomes code for? 6. where are chromosomes located in a cell

July 23rd On a white board, with partners, please make a DNA puzzle (on the board) with the bases of one side AACGG Label – sugar, phosphate, covalent bond, bases and hydrogen bond Please state the base pair rule. How does it make a copy of itself?

DNA structure

DNA replication

RNA and Protein Synthesis How does DNA control protein synthesis – our traits?

Why we need proteins

What are proteins A series of amino acids linked together forms a polypeptide chain Hundreds of thousands of proteins are made out of only 20 different amino acids

Amino Acids Each amino acid has a three letter abbreviation – for its name

Found in these foods: Meat Eggs Dairy

How are they made using DNA: Two steps 1.Transcription 2. Translation

Transcription DNA polymerase untwists the DNA strand In the nucleus RNA polymerase makes Messenger RNA (mRNA single strand) Using the base pair sequence C=G A=U (replaces T)

Transcription the process by which the genetic info encoded in DNA is copied into messenger RNA.

The Code: Each three DNA bases create three mRNA bases – called a Codon Each codon codes for a single amino acid The Genetic Code

Translation mRNA leaves the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell Attaches to a ribosome (rRNA)

Ribosomal RNA mRNA binds to a ribosome Exposing Codons (3 base units of mRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA) Acts like a translator – someone who can communicate in two languages one end of the molecule is an amino acid it finds floating in the cytoplasm, the other end an anticodon

Translation Anticodon = 3 bases unique for an amino acid The anticodon binds to the codon on the mRNA molecule

Amino acids link together forming peptide bonds (proteins) The order determines what kind of protein is made

Protein Synthesis Usually several ribosomes will move over a mRNA molecule at one time Linking the amino acids together that are attached to the tRNA Creating a proteins

The Code Each mRNA begins With AUG and ends with UAA or UAG AUG = Start UAA = Stop CCU =pro (short For proline) amino acid …….

How proteins are made: the tRNA Molecule reads The codons Creating the protein Coded for by DNA

RNA and Protein Synthesis

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