DNA The Central Dogma
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Is found in all of your cells. Contains the genetic information to build and operate YOU. Ted-Ed Twisting Tale of DNA
The Nobel Prize Four (?) scientists at Cambridge University discovered DNA. TED-Ed Rosalind Franklin
The Human Genome Project Maps the DNA of our species. Ted-Ed Human Genome How does the approach of the HGP contrast with that of the Cambridge Scientists?
The Central Dogma A Dogma is a principle that is incontrovertibly true. The Central Dogma to Biochemistry is: DNARNAProtein Stated Clearly DNA Flash CD at Wiley
DNA Technologies Focus on: Cloning, Gene Therapy, DNA Fingerprinting
Cloning Organisms that are exact genetic copies Embryo twinning is one form of cloning, this happens naturally and artificially Cloning from a somatic cell (not an egg or sperm) is relatively new…this was used to make Dolly the Sheep
Gene Therapy Replacing a damaged gene in a genome with a healthy gene Instead of treating symptoms of a disease this ‘undoes’ the genetic reason for the disease. Can be done ‘in-patient’ (in vivo) or in a petri dish (ex vivo) Gene Therapy
DNA Fingerprinting Also known as DNA Profiling Uses DNA to recognize a unique individual as each individual has unique DNA Often used in criminal investigations but also in scientific research In A Nutshell: CRISPR Video
Genetic Variation & Adaptation Evolution!!!!
Genetic Variation Is created by: Mutations Gene flow Sexual reproduction Genetic Drift (chance)
Genetic Variation: Mutations Mutations are changes in the genetic code that occur during cell division. When DNA is being copied, some of the DNA may not be copied correctly, and this can affect which proteins are produced.
Types of Mutation Gene Mutations: Chromosome Mutations Point Mutations Stated Clearly Mutations Chromosome Mutations Gene Duplications Ted Ed Genes
Positive vs Negative vs Neutral Most mutations have no impact on the body A positive mutation will enhance an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce Examples: lactose tolerance and drug-resistant bacteria A negative mutation will impair an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce Examples: cystic fibrosis and color blindness
Case Study: Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia is a disease that changes the shape of red blood cells. People with sickle cell anemia experience pain and fatigue at high elevations or during intense exercise, but also are resistant to malaria
Mutagens Mutations are caused when DNA gets damaged by environmental factors These are called mutagens Unless it effects a reproductive cell, it is not passed on…but it may cause cancer.
Genetic Variation: Gene Flow This is any change in the collective genome of a population Usually due to immigration
Genetic Variation: Sex Occurs when Meiosis produces sex cells In humans, only 23 chromosomes of each parent are passed on to the next generation. In a process called Crossing Over, homologous chromosomes often exchange genes. About 8.4 million gene combinations are possible for humans given that we have 46 chromosomes.
Genetic Variation: Chance Founder Effects Non-Random Mating Genetic Drift
Evolution For evolution to occur genetic variation must be present in a population Stated Clearly Video on Evolution
Evolution: Natural Selection Natural Selection is another way of introducing genetic variation. Unlike the others we’ve looked at, Natural Selection drives Evolution. Ted Ed Five Fingers of Evolution
Evolution: Artificial Selection When humans direct genetic variation in populations, intentionally or by mistake. Anti-biotic Resistance Agriculture Dog Breeding Stated Clearly: What is Natural Selection
Evolution: Artificial Selection Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) are created when DNA from multiple species are combined. In a Nutshell: GMO’s Good or Bad In a Nutshell: Gene Drive and Mosquitoes
Evolution: The Benefits of Genetic Variation Without genetic variation, a population has a hard time adapting to environmental changes. If organisms do not evolve, they face an increased risk of extinction. Red Queen Hypothesis Biodiversity and Genes (Cal. Acad. Of Sci)
Evolution: The Benefits of Biodiversity Ted ed Biodiversity Biodiversity Ecosystems and Networks (Cal. Acad. Of Sci.) Without species richness, ecosystems are more susceptible to collapse. “One planet, one experiment” … Edward O. Wilson