Deep-rooted phylogeny Addresses issues of the fundamental diversity of life

Deep-rooted phylogeny Addresses issues of the fundamental diversity of life Recognizes three “domains” within which are the Kingdoms

Deep-rooted phylogeny

Deep-rooted phylogeny The basic processes of DNA transcription (copying) and translation (making RNA and proteins) were established within the universal ancestor.

Deep-rooted phylogeny The universal ancestor gave rise to three very different lineages of cellular life.

Deep-rooted phylogeny

Deep-rooted phylogeny “Prokaryotic” structure and diversity: Relatively simple structurally (compared to eukaryotes) Prokaryotes are ubiquitous Prokaryotes are extremely complex and diverse biochemically…

Deep-rooted phylogeny

Deep-rooted phylogeny Prokaryotes and eukaryotes compared: cell size structure of chromosome mode of reproduction structural compexity

Deep-rooted phylogeny Origin of the eukaryotic cell: From an Archaea ancestor (no peptidoglycan cell wall, introns and histones, other similarities of metabolism) Cell size increases (greater volume for metabolic processes)

Deep-rooted phylogeny The “nuclear line” led from Archaea to the evolving eukaryotic cell folding of the plasma membrane… increase in size…

Deep-rooted phylogeny Infolding of the plasma membrane leads to formation of the membrane- enclosed nucleus (and endoplasmic reticulum?)

Deep-rooted phylogeny What about other organelles? The nuclear line oxydative phosphorylation Purple bacteria with cellular respiration

Deep-rooted phylogeny Purple bacteria are engulfed by nuclear cell, but are not digested The evolving eukaryotic cell Purple bacteria are “endosymbiotic;” they reside within the cytoplasm

Deep-rooted phylogeny Photosynthetic cyanobacteria are engulfed… Purple bacteria are “endosymbiotic”

Deep-rooted phylogeny Photosynthetic cyanobacteria become chloroplasts Purple bacteria become mitochondria

Deep-rooted phylogeny chloroplasts and mitochondria are endosymbiotic, and became endosymbiotic in series (one after the other) so this evolutionary process is called “serial endosymbiosis”

Deep-rooted phylogeny Evidence for serial endosymbiosis Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA in circular chromosomes

Deep-rooted phylogeny Evidence of serial endosymbiosis Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA in circular chromosomes Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of nucleus and cytoplasm

Deep-rooted phylogeny Evidence of serial endosymbiosis Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA in circular chromosomes Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of nucleus and cytoplasm Mitochondria and chloroplasts have 70S ribosomes (like Bacteria but not like Eukarya)

Deep-rooted phylogeny Evidence of serial endosymbiosis Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA in circular chromosomes Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide separately/independently of nucleus and cytoplasm Mitochondria and chloroplasts have 70S ribosomes (like Bacteria but not like Eukarya) rRNA sequences link mitochondria to purple Bacteria and chloroplasts to cyanobacteria (molecular systematics applied to intracellular organelles)

Deep-rooted phylogeny