Lesson 4: Civil War Leaders and Battles part 1 Unit 4: A Nation Divided Lesson 4: Civil War Leaders and Battles part 1

Read the passage that is linked to the URL on this page http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2918.html

Warm- Up After reading the passage on the Pierce Butler slave auction, answer these questions: Where was the largest slave auction in American History? How did Pierce Butler handle the sale of family members? What was the purpose of Thomson’s article, “What Became of Slaves on a Georgia Plantation?” Why was this event called the “weeping time?”

Dred Scott Case The case was tried in 1857. Dred Scott had been a slave in Missouri, and had traveled with his master into free territory. His owner later traveled back to Missouri where he died. Dred Scott then sued for his freedom. The Supreme Court ruled that Scott could not sue because he was not a citizen. This angered many including abolitionists and those in favor of popular sovereignty because it basically stated that slaveholders could keep their slaves in any state.

New Political Parties As tensions heighten, in 1854 Northern Democrats (who opposed slavery) and Free Soilers ( a party opposing slavery in the new territories) unite They call their new party the Republican Party Abraham Lincoln (from Illinois) will emerge as the party’s leader

1860: Abraham Lincoln is elected In the 1860 Presidential election, Abraham Lincoln was considered a"dark horse" candidate. Lincoln ran on the Republican platform of opposition to the extension of slavery in the western territories. He was elected with only 40% of the popular vote. Several Southern states declared they would secede from the Union if Abraham Lincoln became President.

Secession Secession: The act of separating from the Union. South Carolina ceded December 20, 1860 By February 1, 1861 seven states had seceded from the United States. (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas) These seven states formed the Confederate States of America and elected Jefferson Davis as their President.

Fort Sumter, Charleston, SC Fort Sumter, a Union fort in Charleston Harbor, is surrounded after South Carolina secedes in December 1860 The Union refused to surrender the fort and Jefferson Davis orders Southern troops to bombard the fort After 33 hours, Union soldiers surrendered, starting the Civil War

Americans Expect a Short War Both the North and South thought they were “right” in the war. 2 sides were unevenly matched – how?? Union: More fighting power, more factories, greater food production, more extensive RR system Confederacy: Had a lot of money (off of cotton), good military leadership, motivated soldiers

Jefferson Davis Was the first and only President of the Confederate States of America (1861-1865) Appointed Robert E. Lee commander of Army of Northern Virginia in 1862 Believed the Confederacy should stay on the defense

Robert E. Lee (Confederacy-South) Resigned from the US Army to fight for the Confederacy: was against slavery but didn’t want to fight against the South Named commander of the Army of Northern Virginia in 1862 Lee believed that the Confederacy should use their military expertise on go on the offensive Led the Confederacy to many victories; however, his offensive attempts to invade the North failed (Battle of Antietam and Battle of Gettysburg)

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson (Confederacy-South) -Played a major role in defeating the Union Army at the first major battle of the war (Bull Run-1861), the loss at Bull Run made the Union realize that it would be a prolonged war -Fought with Lee at Antietam -Helped defeat the Union Army at Fredericksburg (1862) and Chancellorsville (1863) -Was accidently shot at night by his own men at Chancellorsville and died 8 days later

Ulysses Grant (Union-North) Had early success fighting in the west (TN, LA, MS) Captured Vicksburg, MS giving the Union control of the Mississippi River Lincoln promoted him to commander of the entire Union Army in 1864 Fights Lee in a series of battles ending in Lee’s surrender at Appomattox in 1865

William Sherman (Union-North) Fought with Grant at Vicksburg Named Union Commander of the West (1864) Attacked and destroyed the city of Atlanta, a major southern railroad center, in the fall of 1864 (“Sherman’s March”)

What happened as a result of the Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860? Exit! What happened as a result of the Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860? Why were shots fired at Fort Sumter?

Lesson 5: Civil War Leaders and Battles part 2 Unit 4: A Nation Divided Lesson 5: Civil War Leaders and Battles part 2

EOCT Review Questions Who was the President of the United States in 1861? Who was the only President of the Confederate States of America (CSA)? Who was Robert E. Lee’s “right arm”, and how did he die? What was the first battle of the Civil War?

Why do you think the Union’s population was so much larger than the population in the Confederacy? What Union advantages are portrayed in these graphs? Why would the loss of lives in the Battles be so devastating to the Confederacy?

What Union advantages are portrayed in these graphs? After looking at these graphs, why do you think a Union blockade on the Southern ports was a good strategy? Why would the loss of the control of the Mississippi River hurt the Confederacy?

Lincoln suspends habeas corpus (1862) habeas corpus is a person’s right not to be imprisoned unless charged with a crime and given a trial After a string of draft riots in many northern cities, Lincoln decided to suspend habeas corpus. If someone opposed the war, they could be detained without a trial Lincoln suspended these common rights in an effort to stop anyone from resisting the Union’s cause

Antietam: September 1862 Lee marched into Maryland hoping that a Southern victory would convince the North to settle for peace, gain support from the British, and find food for his men The two armies fought at Antietam, which became the bloodiest one-day battle in American history (6,000 dead, 16,000 wounded) Lee is forced to retreat back into Virginia The Union victory led Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation There is a hyperlink on the title, “Antietam.” The link should take you to a short video clip that can be found on the following website: http://www.history.com/videos/the-battle-of-antietam What might have happened if Lee defeated the Union Army at Antietam?

Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln, amid growing war casualties, used the Union victory at Antietam to issue the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862 and to punish the rebelling states. The Proclamation: -freed only those slaves in the states in rebellion -did not free the slaves in the border states -gave the Union Army another reason to fight: the liberation of slaves Which slave states were unaffected by the Proclamation? Why did Lincoln plan this?

Gettysburg (PA): July 1st - 3rd 1863 Lee again decided to invade the North in hope that the North would settle for peace Lee wanted supplies and food from the urban Union towns. Largest Battle of Civil War (160,000 men involved) The South loses 7,000 men in under 30 minutes of fighting Southern defeat and turning point of the war

Gettysburg (PA): July 1st-3rd 1863 Lee retreated on July 4th, having lost 1/3 of his entire fighting force The loss forces the South to fight a defensive war and strengthened the will of the North to continue the fight Why do you think Gettysburg is considered the turning point of the war? There is a hyperlink on the title, “Gettysburg.” The link should take you to a short video clip that can be found on the following website: http://www.history.com/videos/the-battle-of-gettysburg

Gettysburg Address In November 1863, Lincoln gave his now famous speech at Gettysburg to dedicate the Gettysburg National Cemetery Lincoln used the speech to redefine the purpose of fighting the war: the reunification of the Union The URL on the page (http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gettysburgaddress.htm) is the audio of the Gettysburg Address. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gettysburgaddress.htm

Vicksburg (MS) July 4th 1863 Which Confederate states were isolated By 1863, Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River Grant launched a siege of the city in May 1863 cutting off it’s food supply and placing it under constant bombardment The Confederate forces surrender July 4th 1863, which gave the Union complete control of the Mississippi River and cut the Confederacy in half Which Confederate states were isolated from the rest of the South with the fall of Vicksburg? There is a hyperlink on the title, “Vicksburg.” The link should take you to a short video clip that can be found on the following website: http://www.history.com/videos/the-union-siege-of-vicksburg#the-union-siege-of-vicksburg

Battle for Atlanta: August 1864 Sherman marched his army south towards Atlanta, a major railroad center in the South He ordered all civilians out of the city and then began to burn and destroy everything of military value Atlanta was the beginning of Sherman’s “March to the Sea” and helped the Republican Party gain political strength

http://www.history.com/videos/shermans-last-obstacle-battle-of-fort-mcallister#shermans-last-obstacle-battle-of-fort-mcallister

Surrender at Appomattox Lee was taken over by Grant’s forces; Sherman on his way to meet Grant… With that news, Davis and other Confederate leaders abandon Confederate Capital April 9, 1865 – Lee and Grant arrange surrender at the Appomattox Court House

No need to further separate the Union Surrender Terms Lincoln’s Decision No need to further separate the Union Lee’s soldiers were paroled and sent home… Was there a lot of punishment involved?

Bell Ringer What was the bloodiest one-day battle in American history? What battle was the turning point of the Civil War? Where were the documents signed to end the Civil War? What document freed all the slaves in rebelling territories?

Social Changes Emancipation Proclamation only freed who??? Lincoln wanted Constitutional Amendment to abolish slavery – didn’t pass in 1864 1866 – Congress ratified the 13th Amendment

Costs of War Human lives Monetary Costs 360,000 Union Soldiers died 260,000 Confederate Soldiers died TOTAL DEAD: 620,000 500,000 Total Wounded 10% of population in military Monetary Costs $3.3 Billion

Casualties of American Wars 1. World War II 407,316 2. World War I 116,708 3. Vietnamese Conflict 58,168 4. Korean Conflict 54,246 5. American Revolution 4,435 6. Spanish-American War 2,456 7. War of 1812 2,260 8. Mexican War 1,733 9. Indian Wars 1,000 10. Gulf War 293 TOTAL 648,615 How do the casualties of the Civil War compare to the casualties of other American wars?

Civil War Casualties Union 360,000 Confederate 260,000 TOTAL 620,000 There were nearly as many casualties in the Civil War as in all of America's other wars combined.

Exit Ticket! How was the Emancipation Proclamation a key part of Lincoln’s military strategy in the Civil War? What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Union and Confederacy during the Battles of Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta?