Arguments in the Rhetorical Situation Extrinsic Proofs: Arguments in the Rhetorical Situation

Intrinsic Proofs Ethos Pathos Logos All of these must be invented by the speaker or writer! You have to « discover » them.

Extrinsic Proofs Evidence, facts, data, testimony— All are already in the rhetorical situation…do not have to be invented. But, we need invention to “use” them! http://www.cresskillboro.com/Cit-e-Access/webpage.cfm?TID=91&TPID=10861

Extrinsic Proofs We moderns place a high value on them: Police fact gathering Legal case—facts of the case Scientific Method If we see it, hear it, taste it, touch it, understand it, we believe it and trust it! In Ancient world, they put less trust in them. Rhetors need merely to gather data, arrange it, present it with emotion and good will. Use example here of cross-examination debate and parliamentary debate

Extrinsic Proofs Ancients thought that it took skills and training to wield and invent intrinsic proofs—the art of argument. We understand that even the gathering and collection of data and evidence requires careful training—CSI, Corner’s office, Police and detective training, scientific training.

What parts of a trial are intrinsic & extrinsic? Testimony of witnesses Testimony of experts Testimony of accused Physical evidence Facts of the law Oaths Maxims, beliefs, community held ideas Documents Intrinsic? Opening remarks Closing remarks Arguments made after each bit of evidence Argumentative sayings, “If it doesn’t fit, you must acquit.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssQv2jTM2pI

Ancients knew Documents need interpretation Facts need interpretation Evidence needs interpretation Extrinsic Proofs alone are not always convincing Needs the orator’s skill!! http://courtartist.com/tag/elections-2

Evaluating Authority & Testimony Community authorities People who are trusted and whose opinions and knowledge is valued in community. What are motives and ideologies? Proximate Authorities (modern authority—not wise, just there) Eye witnesses Could they see it really? Where there obstructions? Are they sane?

Evaluating Data Don’t accept on face value! Can be partial or twisted. Look who put out the data—can they be trusted to be even handed and fair and accurate? Could it be skewed? Can you think of data skewed for various purposes?

What did you come up with for Exercise #1? #2? #3? Extrinsic Proofs What did you come up with for Exercise #1? #2? #3?