Geography

7 Continents Continent: Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe One of several very large landmasses on earth. Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America

4 Major Oceans Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Earth’s biggest ocean Located west of North/South America and east of Asia and Australia Atlantic Ocean Earth’s second largest ocean Extends east of North/South America to Europe and Africa Indian Ocean Earth’s third largest ocean Located east of Africa, south of Asia, west of Australia Arctic Ocean Located at the North Pole (Earth’s northern most tip) and extends to Northern shores of North America, Europe, Asia

4 Hemispheres Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere The Northern and Southern Hemisphere are divided by the equator. Eastern Hemisphere Western Hemisphere The Eastern and Western Hemisphere are divided by the Prime Meridian Hemisphere – Half of a sphere

Northern Hemisphere Includes all of North America, tip of South America, 2/3 of Africa, all of Asia and Europe

Southern Hemisphere Includes Antarctica, 1/3 Africa, most of South America and Australia.

Eastern Hemisphere Includes all of the continents to the EAST of the Prime Meridian (Asia, Australia, ½ Antarctica, and most of Europe and Africa.

Western Hemisphere Includes all of the continents WEST of the Prime Meridian (North America, South America, ½ Antarctica, and a small portion of Africa)

Cartography The process of designing a map.

Cardinal Directions The most commonly used forms of direction North, South, East, West Can be located on a compass rose (tool used to display directions) Directions such as northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest are known as intermediate directions.

Lines of Longitude and Latitude Measure north and south of the equator. Run east to west Can be referred to as parallels The Equator (divides Northern and Southern hemispheres) is located at 0˚ latitude.

Lines of Latitude and Longitude Measure east and west of Prime Meridian Run north to south Can be referred to as meridians The Prime Meridian (divides Eastern and Western hemispheres) is located at 0˚ longitude.

Why do we have seasons? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pgq0LThW7QA

Summer/Winter Solstice The longest day of the year – Usually occurs on June 21 Winter The shortest day of the year – Usually occurs on December 21.

Why do we have seasons? The Earth’s tilt When the Earth’s axis (the imaginary line that something rotates or turns around) is tilted towards the sun, it is summer for that hemisphere When it’s tilted away from the sun, it’s winter.