In-Line Inspection & NDE for Pipe Properties Lloyd Pirtle Sr. Technical Representative May 21st, 2015

Contents Multiple Data Sets (MDS) ILI Tool Platform Magnetic Characteristics Grouping Pipe Joints (Creating Material Bins) Positive Material Identification (NDE Process) Conclusions

Multiple datasets (MDS)

Multiple Data Sets (MDS): Configuration High Res Deformation Low Field Magnetism High Field Axial MFL SpirALL® MFL Technology Drive Section with Odometers

Value of Multiple Data Sets (MDS) Axial metal loss Long Seam Selective Seam Corrosion Seam anomalies Seam variations Volumetric Metal Loss Mill Anomalies Metal Loss in Girth Welds Value of Multiple Data Sets (MDS) Spatial Position of Pipeline Bending Strains Volumetric Anomalies Internal/External Discrimination Detect Mill Anomalies Extra Metal Detect Dents MFL w/ IDOD Axial grooving & slotting Discriminate Planar vs Volumetric XYZ Accurate location of dig sites SMFL Spatial locations of features and anomalies Pipe Type Properties Gouging Discriminate Mill Anomalies Calculate Bending & Dent Strains Bend Radii Direction of Bends DEF LFM Prediction of Hard Spot hardness Gouging Discriminate Mill Anomalies Click through each circle in the Venn diagram, discussing the value of each individual technology first, then highlighting the value where there is overlap. Dents w/ Metal Loss Permeability Anomalies (i.e. Hard Spots) Pipe Grade Changes Mechanical Strain Bore Changes Measure Dents Dents w/ Metal Loss Re-rounding of Dents Cycling of Dents Dent w/ Residual Stress

Magnetic Characteristics

Magnetic Characteristics Joints of steel pipelines can be identified by the following properties: Manufacture – This is the first half of the pipe creation process where the molten steel ingot is formed into billets (seamless) or slabs (welded) Milling – The forming of slabs or billets into pipe leave magnetic signatures and small bore differences that can be used for identification Pipes with similar manufacturing and milling can be grouped together and should have similar material properties

Low Field MFL - Steel Microstructure Thursday, February 9, 2012 Low Field MFL - Steel Microstructure Weld Low Carbon Hard Spot High Carbon The examples here show how steel is different at the microstructure level; residual or low field MFL will detect any changes at this level. Discuss the differences at the microstructure level of a Weld, Low Carbon and High Carbon Steel; while on the surface – looking at joints of pipe as they appear in the ditch – different pipe looks the same. Also note that hard spots can lead to failure (the example in lower right hand corner). Again, this can simply be referred to as a “magnetic permeability map”. “Residual or low field creates a magnetic permeability map of the pipeline.”

Threat: Pipe Properties All samples are 0.188” WT

Multiple Data Sets (MDS) For Pipe Properties Long Seam Seam variations Accurate location of dig sites MFL w/ IDOD XYZ SMFL Pipe Type Properties Spatial locations of features and anomalies DEF LFM Discriminate Mill Anomalies Click through each circle in the Venn diagram, discussing the value of each individual technology first, then highlighting the value where there is overlap. Bore Changes Mill signatures Permeability Anomalies (i.e. Hard Spots) Pipe Grade Changes

Creating bins

Creating Bins Steel pipeline joints can be identified by the following properties. Manufacture – This is the first half of the pipe creation process where the molten steel ingot is formed into billets (seamless) or slabs (welded). Milling – The forming of slabs or billets into pipe leave magnetic signatures and small bore differences that can be used for identification. Pipe with similar manufacturing and milling can be grouped together and should have similar material properties (Pipe Joint Classification – PJC). PJC, combined with PMI (Pipe Identification), will help satisfy IVP requirements for gaps in material records. Review the above bin differences in each dataset. Note LFM clearly distinguishes permeability differences related to manufacture and/or milling. SMFL reveals differences in seam weld signature between bin 1 and 2.

Threat: Pipe Properties po id type dist begin lat long pipe ys pipe sf pipe matl pipe manuf pipe mop T13000370 Girth Weld 9231.704 29.970838 240.647984 42000 1 ERW X42 8690 T13000380 9241.471 29.970843 240.64784 T13000390 9251.202 29.970848 240.647696 T13000400 9260.939 29.970853 240.647554 T13000410 9270.682 29.970849 240.647411 T13000420 9280.428 29.970834 240.647268 T13000430 9290.102 29.970833 240.647253 T13000440 9291.157 29.970831 240.647232 T13000450 9292.56 29.970828 240.647206 T13000460 9294.397 29.970826 240.647191 35900 B 6720 T13000470 9295.416 29.970824 240.64717 T13000480 9296.843 29.970819 240.647029 T13000490 9306.384 29.97082 240.647002 T13000500 9308.231 240.646985 T13000510 9309.378 29.970822 240.646936 T13000520 9312.657 29.970825 240.646797 T13000530 9322.011 29.970827 240.646694 T13000540 9328.989 29.97083 240.64659 T13000550 9336.112 29.970832 240.646556 T13000560 9338.512 29.970839 240.646383 T13000570 9350.682 240.64621 T13000580 9362.893 29.970857 240.646041 Sections of unidentified pipe can be matched to sections with records Groups of unmatched joints can be tested using PMI Pipe Joint Classification results example. Mention that sections of unidentified pipe can be aligned with pipe where records exist. Any joints not able to be matched during PJC process – and no material records exist – would then be candidates for PMI.

Positive material identification (PMI)

Positive Material Identification Process TDW’s PMI process is a Validated process with established Accuracies and Tolerances In lieu of destructive removal of coupon In lieu of line shut-down In lieu of Laboratory testing Talk on our validation process up at Kiefner at the request of PHMSA

Specifications for PMI NDE Services TDW’s PMI process is a Validated process with established Accuracies and Tolerances No Pressure reduction requirements Minimum exposed pipe = 3 ft. In lieu of destructive removal of coupon of line shut-down Laboratory testing

Specifications for PMI NDE Services MPA temperature operating range 14°F to 115°F (-10°C to 46.1°C) OES temperature operating range 32°F to 122F° (0°C to 50°C) MPA maximum indention depth 0.006” (0.152mm) OES maximum burn depth 0.0013” (0.033mm) PLS1 pipe – All grades, all vintages. Grading per API5L-Tbl 4&6 PLS2 pipe – All grades, YS, TS, CA, & CE Properties

Mechanical Properties Assessment (MPA) for material Yield Strength & Tensile Strength

MPA Continued The MPA indenter automatically adjusts and measures the load necessary to achieve a predetermined depth throughout the multiple sequential load/depth measurement processes. Once the final load is applied at the individual location and the final maximum depth of 0.006” (0.152mm) is achieved, the stress/strain data is analyzed to determine the UYS of that data point.

MPA Load-Depth Graph/Stress-Strain Curve

Optical Emissions Spectrometry

Optical Emissions Spectrometry OES determines the Carbon Equivalency and other elements present with concentrations / values for welding purposes. Photons are given off by each element during the “burn” cycle and have unique wavelengths. The WL’s are measured. From this information, the identification and concentration of each element present is calculated. Laboratory results confirm burn depth range from 0.0004” to a maximum of 0.0013”

Validating Maximum OES Burn Depth Metallographic Examination - ASTM E3-11 As Received Specimen ID: Burn Location A “Examination of the polished and etched cross section under the optical microscope revealed an observed maximum depth of penetration at the heat affected zone of burn location "A" as 0.0013". Away from the burn area, the microstructure appears normal for a carbon or alloy steel material.” 100X Magnification 500X Magnification

TDW’s PMI Accuracy Tolerances Ultimate Yield Strength (UYS) +/-10%, 95% Confidence Level Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) +/-10%, 95% Confidence Level Carbon percentage (C) +/-25%, 85% Confidence Level* Manganese percentage (Mn) +/-20%, 90% Confidence Level* *The C & Mn results are based on Laboratory % values.

Chemical Analysis Tolerances

PMI YS/TS Tolerance Tracking Graph

Qualification of PMI Technicians Min. requirements exceed Industry min’s for NDE qualifications 40 hours formal training 40 hours in field training OQ providers are currently working to develop PMI Operator Qualification certifications

NDE Long Seam Identification Using UT (Shear Wave or PAUT) can be provided the following in-ditch assessment on long seams: Distinguish between various long seam types AO Smith, DSAW, SAW, ERW and Lap Welded We cannot yet make determination between high frequency and low frequency ERW, we are in the process of developing procedures to identify this information

New Developments A Fracture Toughness validation model is in process Could be used in addition to determining YS / TS to give engineering a full compliment of metallurgical facts concerning their pipeline This is achieved In-Situ, without pressure reductions Sample pipe joints are encouraged to perform blind test on as part of our FT validation process

Conclusions

Conclusions Pipe joints have their own magnetic characteristics Manufacture – forming of raw material Milling – pipe joint creation process Seamed Seamless Multiple data sets are useful to detect and qualify joint characteristics Permeability Internal Diameter Long seam Positive Material Identification (PMI) is capable of validating each BIN

Conclusions Several years and resource investments have been made to establish a robust PMI process Technology enables data collection, process defines success Results have been validated by 3rd party Laboratories PHMSA has been involved with TDW’s PMI process Very closely involved in project that PHMSA mandated pipe properties be validated Numerous successful blind tests Active industry initiative to gain market acceptance as an alternate means to obtain pipe properties via NDT methods.

Questions