Basics of Chemistry

Outline Matter Atoms Structure of Atoms Elements Periodic Table Reading the Periodic Table Compounds Mixtures

Matter Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space Examples -> rock, paper, scissors, lizard, Spock Can be in 1 of 3 states (forms) Solid Liquid Gas Liquid Solid Gas

Atoms Atoms: the building blocks of everything All matter is made up of atoms Atoms have 3 parts Protons: have a positive charge (+) Electrons: have a negative charge (-) Neutrons: have a neutral charge (+/-) The center of the atom is called the nucleus Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus Electrons are found around the nucleus

Structure of Atoms Electron Proton Neutron

Elements Element: anything that cannot be broken down into simpler substances Made up of only 1 kind of atom The element oxygen is made up of only oxygen atoms, the element hydrogen is made up of only hydrogen atoms 99% of all living matter is made up of 6 elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S)

Elements Each element has its own characteristics Can be a solid, liquid, or gas Can have a unique color Can have a unique odor (smell)

Periodic Table Periodic table: chart used to organize the elements based on their characteristics

Reading the Periodic Table Atomic Number Symbol Element Name Atomic Weight Symbol: abbreviation for element name 1st letter is capitalized ; 2nd letter is lowercase Atomic number: number of protons Atomic weight: average number of protons and neutrons

Compounds Compound: 2 or more types of elements joined together chemically Have properties (characteristics) different from the parts that make them up Very hard to separate back into the original parts Table Sugar - C12H22O11

Compounds All compounds have formulas that tell which elements are in them Tells the number of atoms of each element in the compound Example -> H20 is water ; H2O2 is peroxide Must have the exact elements and numbers from the formula to have that compound

How to Read Compound Formulas Element Symbol Element Symbol H2O Tells how many atoms This is the formula for water Shows that water is made up of 2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen atom

Mixtures Mixture: a combination of substances in which the individual substances keep their own properties (characteristics) Combined together physically not chemically Fairly easy to separate back into original substances No formulas or amounts of the substances Examples -> saltwater, chex mix, sandwich, salt and pepper