Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other? Ch.8 Political Geography

Types of Cooperation Political & Military Cooperation (UN) Economic Cooperation (EU) Has become the more important display of global power Russia vs. Japan/Germany Not a single state anymore, but a collaboration; EU

Cold War Competition and Alliances Division of world into military alliances resulted from the emergence of two superpowers- U.S. and Soviet Union. Military Cooperation in Europe NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 16 democratic states, including the U.S., Canada, and 14 other European states. Warsaw Pact Military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries to defend each other in case of attack.

Cont’d… NATO and Warsaw Pact were designed to maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe. NATO’s Objective: prevent the spread of communism by the Soviet Union. Warsaw Pact Objective: Provide the Soviet Union a buffer of allied states between it and Germany to discourage a third German invasion of the Soviet Union in the 20th century. Disbanded once Europe was no longer dominated by military confrontation between two blocs.

Supranationalism 3 or more countries form a union for economic, political, or cultural cooperation Today, more than 60 exist globally Modern beginnings: UN (global) Regional examples: NAFTA, NATO, OPEC

European Union 1944: Belgium, Neth., Lux. Decided to create common tariffs, making trade easier signed an agreement of cooperation creating the Benelux region Post WWII , Marshall plan to help Europe recover was funded by US initiated cooperation among European states

Cont’d… OEEC – Organization for European Economic Cooperation France proposes creation of European Coal & Steel Community (ECSC) This led to the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC) Because of its success, other countries apply for membership

Timeline 1958 (Original 6 members): Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands 1973: Denmark, Ireland, UK 1981: Greece 1986: Portugal & Spain 1993: Formal establishment of E.U. 1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden 2004: 8 former Communist Eastern European countries (Czech. Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovak Republic & Slovenia) + Cyprus & Malta 2007:Romania & Bulgaria** 2013: Croatia**

FIGURE 8-44 TRAVEL IN EUROPE Citizens of one EU state do not have to show passports to travel to other EU states.

FIGURE 8-45 EURO Euro paper money shows a map of Europe and a bridge on one side and architecture on the other side. Rather than actual structures, the bridges and architecture features are designed to represent a period in history; for example, they represent ancient times on the €5 note.

Cont’d… Currently 28 countries in the E.U.

Who wants in? Turkey, Montenegro, Macedonia Voting against membership: Norway

The next 7

Pros & Cons of EU Goals: Promote development w/in member states through economic cooperation (remove barriers to free trade) Introduction of Euro (19 states currently use it) Effect: Has turned Western Europe into the world’s wealthiest market Cons: Under EU rules, richer countries must subsidize the poorer ones Balance of power: Germany most populous & economically powerful of EU members

Turkey European countries torn between letting Turkey into the E.U. Widening EU reach into the Muslim world? Turkey interested in joining, Greece hesitant to support Turkish integration b/c of long standing dispute over Cyprus Turkey’s human rights record (treatment over Kurdish minority)

Opposite: Devolution Balkanization – what’s the difference? The relinquishing of autonomy to internal units Process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of a central government Examples: Yugoslavia, former Soviet Union, Austria-Hungary, Ethiopia/Eritrea Balkanization – what’s the difference?

BALKANIZATION vs. DEVOLUTION Balkanization usually results in a new independent State. Devolutionary pressures result in increased autonomy for a region. If strong enough, these devolutionary pressures may result in complete balkanization