B.A.T. Basic Appliance Training Basic Electricity and Reading Schematics Presented by Greg Doster, PSA Trainer

Program Outline Reading Schematics Hop-scotching Safety Fundamentals Voltage, Current Flow, Resistance, Wattage Terminology & Symbols Terms used in the Electrical and Major Appliance Industry Recognizing symbols Consistency – Things that are consistent Circuit fundamentals Complete circuit Series, Parallel, Combination circuits Electrical components Switches/Controls, Timers, Motors, Transformers, Printed Circuit Boards (PCB), Thermistors & Sensors Use of Instruments Volt Meters, Ohm Meters, Watt Meters, Ammeters, Capacitance Tips & Tricks Jumpers, Cheater Cords, Simulators Hop-scotching Testing complete circuits Reading Schematics

Electricity & Troubleshooting The most common problems occur with the greatest frequency 85 % of the calls you encounter are going to be common problems pumps, inlet valves, belts, fans, mechanical things that are very evident – don’t take much to find 15 % of the calls you encounter are going to cost you the greatest amount of time to troubleshoot and diagnose You’ll have to use a VOM, you’ll have to read a schematic and do some heavy troubleshooting

Safety Practice working like the unit is hot or live. Disconnect power before servicing or moving appliances. Test to ensure power is OFF. Follow Safe Servicing procedures as outlined by the manufacturer Reconnect all Safety grounds Re-secure all panels and covers Use properly sized extension cords – the shorter, the better Use a GFCI to protect yourself

Fundamentals Remember: Current always takes the path of least resistance When using an Ohm meter, it is applying voltage to the circuit being tested and it’s voltage and current will follow this rule Study schematics on equipment that is working properly so you know what is supposed to be present when the equipment is not working Practice makes perfect, if you practice you will get better

Fundamentals Voltage: Current: Resistance: Ohm’s Law – Watt’s Law: Potential difference across two points Pressure that pushes current Current: Electron flow through a load or conductor Resistance: Resists current flow / drops voltage Ohm’s Law – Watt’s Law: Expression of relationship between volts, ohms, and current

Ohm’s / Watt’s Law

Electrical Terms Ampere Breaker Buss Choke Circuit Conductor Cycle Diode Hertz Line-One Neutral Load Ohm Pole Relay Volts Watts Power Zero Ohms Infinite Resistance Voltage drop

Electrical Symbols

Electrical Symbols

Electrical Symbols

Electrical Symbols

Electrical Symbols _______________________________ There is one thing about electrical symbols that will be consistent from schematic to schematic, manufacture to manufacture, product model to product model; that is: _______________________________

Symbols Identify Components Place the numbers on the lines beside the symbols on the next page to make the proper match. Compressor Motor – C, S, R terminals 13. Single-Pole, Double-Throw (SPST) Switch Crossover 14. Centrifugal Switch Ballast 15. Plug Connector 4. Permanent Connection 16. Resistor / Heater 5. Adjustable Buzzer Fuse 6. Incandescent Lamp 18. Multi-Position Switch 7. Fluorescent Lamp Coil 8. Heat Rise Thermostat 20. Circuit Breaker 9. Adjustable Thermostat Heater 10. Chassis Ground Capacitor Transformer 23. Pushbutton (DPST) 12. Grounded Service Cord 24. Single-Speed Motor

Symbols Identify Components

Electrical Symbols When working on equipment, you have to keep an open mind when it comes to interpretation of anyone’s symbols. You have to consider the source, the manufacturer’s background.

Circuit Fundamentals Now let’s put all the basic components together with the symbols and build a circuit. Each circuit normally starts at the source and makes it way through the components and loads then makes it’s way back to the source. All circuits have to be complete circuits to operate.

Circuit Fundamentals Most circuits are made up of four basic components: ______________ When tracing a circuit, start at the source and trace back to the source.

Circuit Fundamentals Complete circuit

Circuit Fundamentals Series Circuit – only one path Parallel Circuit – more than one path Combination Circuits – contains both series and parallel

Electrical Components Switches / Controls Timers Box of switches Sequence charts Transformers Step-Up Step-Down Double-Duty Motors Shaded Pole Split Phase PSC CSIR, CSCR

Electrical Components AC / DC Motors Permanent Magnet Motors Electronically Commutated Motor (ECM) PWM motors Newer variable speed motors & Newer 36 pole motors

Use of Instruments Voltage - No Voltage Using an Am-meter in-line

Use of Instruments Using an Ohm Meter Continuity or short

Use of Instruments Testing Low Voltage power supplies Use a known load Banana Plug + resistor RS #274-717 + 100  resistor Newer meters have protection built in Replacement meters Look for Hz capabilities Look for Capacitance capabilities

Use of Instruments You should be using Back Probes for checking into the small connectors that connect onto boards

Use of Instruments Hop-Scotch method Interpreting Volt Meter Readings No voltage at the load – circuit is open Full voltage at the load – load is bad Diagnosing loads If full voltage is applied to a load, it should be operating Verify Load Operation by Visual observation Proper amp draw Measuring proper amps – confirms operation

Tips & Tricks Jumpers Simulators “Shootin’ from the Cord” Testing full circuits Testing hidden components Cheater Cords – “SMOKE TEST”

Reading Schematics Reading schematics is not Rocket Science or Brain Surgery It takes a lot of Patience and Perseverance Practice

Reading Schematics Strip Circuits

Reading Schematics & Troubleshooting Sequence Charts (Esterline) Sequence charts (Esterline) are designed for one purpose, they breakdown the action that occurs inside a Timer as the timer advances through a cycle. The chart shows, by increments, which switches are open or closed inside the timer at any given point in its rotation.

Reading Schematics

Symbol Quiz Ω

Schematics Basic Electric Water Heater Whirlpool Electric Dryer GE Harmony Washer Whirlpool Electric Range Kenmore Gas Dryer Maytag Electric Dryer Maytag Neptune Washer GE Refrigerator Jenn Air Range Whirlpool dishwasher Frigidaire Front Load Washer

2 Element Water Htr

Whirlpool Electric Dryer

Whirlpool Electric Dryer

GE Harmony Washer

Whirlpool Electric Range

Kenmore Gas Dryer

Maytag Gas Dryer

Maytag Gas Dryer Wiring diagram

Maytag Front Load Washer

GE Refrigerator

Jenn Air Range

Whirlpool Dishwasher

Frigidaire Front Load Washer