The Sine and Cosine Functions and Their Graphs 6.3 Define the sine and cosine functions for any angle Define the sine and cosine functions for any real number by using the unit circle and wrapping function Represent the sine and cosine functions Use the sine and cosine functions in applications Model with the sine function (optional)

Teaching Example 1 (a) Find the length of the arm. Suppose a robotic hand is located at the point (−11, 60), where all units are in inches. (a) Find the length of the arm. (b) Let and represent the angle between the positive x-axis and the robotic arm. Find (c) Let and represent the angle between the positive x-axis and the robotic arm. Find How do the values for compare with the values for

Teaching Example 1 (continued) Solution (a) The length of the arm is 3

Teaching Example 1 (continued) (b) (c) Since the values of x, y, and r do not change, the trigonometric values for are the same as those for 4

Teaching Example 2 Solution Find sin 150° and cos 150°. Support your answer using a calculator. Solution 5

Teaching Example 2 Verify the result with a graphing calculator in degree mode. 6

Teaching Example 3 The terminal side falls in quadrant IV. Find the exact values of The terminal side falls in quadrant IV. 7

Teaching Example 4 Solution (a) Find the grade of the road. A downhill graph is modeled by the line y = −0.04x in the fourth quadrant. (a) Find the grade of the road. (b) Determine the grade resistance for a 6000-pound pickup truck. Interpret the result. Solution Note: This is exercise 88 in the text. (a) The slope of the line is −0.04, so when x increases by 100 feet, y decreases by 4 feet. The grade is −4%. 8

Teaching Example 4 (continued) (b) The grade resistance is given by R = W sin θ, where W = the weight of the vehicle. The point (100, −4) lies on the terminal side of θ, so Note: This is exercise 88 in the text. 9

Teaching Example 4 (continued) This means that gravity pulls a 6000-pound vehicle downhill with a force of about 240 pounds. Note: This is exercise 88 in the text. 10

Teaching Example 5 Solution Use a calculator to approximate sin 2.15 and cos 2.15. Solution 11

Teaching Example 6 Solution Find sin theta and cos theta if the terminal side of theta intersects the unit circle at Solution The terminal side of angle theta intersects the unit circle at the point Because this point is in the form of it follows that 12

Teaching Example 7 Let’s make a graph of f(t) = sin(t) for -2π ≤ t ≤ 2π. First let’s create a list of values to include. Repeat for f(t) = cos(t) over the same interval.

Teaching Example 8 The phases of the moon are periodic and have a period of 2π. The phases can be modeled by the function Find all phase angles θ that correspond to a full moon and all phase angles that correspond to a new moon. Assume that can be any angle measured in radians. Note: This is exercise 90 in the text. Full Moon: peak New Moon: valley 14

Teaching Example 9 Solution The amperage I in an electrical circuit after t seconds is modeled by (a) Find the range of I. (b) Evaluate and interpret the result. Solution Note: This is exercise 92 in the text. (a) Since the range of cos t is [−1, 1], the range of is [−10, 10]. 15

Teaching Example 9 (continued) (b) This means that the amperage is 10 amps after Note: This is exercise 92 in the text. 16

Teaching Example 10 The table lists the luminescence y of a plant after t hours, where t = 0 corresponds to midnight. (a) Graph the data and the function L(t) = 4 cos (0.27t) + 6. How well does the function model the data. (b) Estimate the luminescence when t = 15. (c) Use the midpoint formula to complete part (b). Are your answers the same? Why? Note: This is exercise 98 in the text. 17

Teaching Example 10 (continued) Solution (a) Note: This is exercise 98 in the text. (b) 18

Teaching Example 10 (continued) (c) Using the midpoint formula, we have The answers are not the same because the midpoint method is a linear approximation, whereas the cosine function is non-linear. Note: This is exercise 98 in the text. 19