AKS 32 – ANCIENT ROME Miss. Sowers – W.H. 2009

The Effects of the Punic Wars Latifundias: ESTATES or RANCHES. Began to raise CATTLE and no longer GRAIN. Left a large amount of unemployed WORKERS. Proletariate: Large amount of unemployed WORKERS who moved to ROME after becoming HOMELESS from the large latifundias.

The Republic Collapses Economic Turmoil: The GAP B/W THE RICH & POOR GAP grew bigger as the Roman REPUBLIC grew bigger. Farmers, (former SOLDIERS), lose their LAND to large SLAVE OWNING estates. Become HOMELESS

The Republic Collapses Homeless form ranks of the URBAN POOR in ROME. ¼ of population of Roman society.

The Republic Collapses Military Upheaval Military becomes less DISCIPLINED & DISLOYAL. GENERALS more powerful. Recruited SOLDIERS from the POOR. POOR showed LOYALTY to their GENERALS & not just ROME.

Gracchi Brothers Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus. BROTHERS. Tried to help the URBAN POOR in ROME. Proposed REFORMS: Limiting the size of ESTATES. Giving land to the POOR.

Tiberius Gracchus “The savage beasts have their…dens,…but the men who bear arms and expose their lives for the safety of their country, enjoy…nothing more in it but the air and light…and wander from place to place with their wives and children.”

Gracchi Brothers Made ENEMIES with SENATORS who felt threatened by their IDEAS. Death of the brothers: Tiberius: 133 B.C. Gaius: 121 B.C.

Marius & Sulla

Marius 107 B.C.: 88 B.C.: Elected CONSUL. Understands the SENATE gets its power from the ARMY. Promises the ARMY that after they serve in his army, they can live on the LAND. Gains control of ROME. 88 B.C.: EXILED from ROME.

Sulla 88 B.C.: 85 B.C.: 83 B.C.: Elected CONSUL. CIVIL WAR BEGINS: Conflict between groups within the same country. Marius RETURNS to ROME & EXILES Sulla! KILLS Sulla’s supporters. 83 B.C.: Sulla RETURNS to ROME & EXILES Marius! KILLS Marius’s supporters.

79 B.C. 79 BC: Sulla retires. Sulla and Marius go on to die natural deaths (even though all of their supporters died brutal deaths.)

60 B.C. First Triumvirate Caesar Crassus Pompey

60 B.C. First Triumvirate 60 B.C.: 59 B.C.: Caesar: Crassus: Pompey: Military leader. Crassus: Wealthy Roman. Pompey: Popular General. 59 B.C.: Caesar elected Consul.

Julius Caesar Caesar: 58 B.C.: 58-50 B.C.: 50 B.C.: Strong and smart military leader. Served only one year as consul. 58 B.C.: Governor of Gaul. 58-50 B.C.: Led his legions in a fight to conquer Gaul. Won his men’s loyalty and devotion. 50 B.C.: Pompey ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return home.

Julius Caesar January 10, 49 B.C.: 46 B.C.: 44 B.C.: Caesar took his army across the Rubicon River in Italy. Pompey and his army fled and were defeated. 46 B.C.: Caesar returned Rome as a beloved military hero/leader. 44 B.C.: Caesar appointed DICTATOR FOR LIFE.

Caesar's Reforms Absolute ruler: Citizenship. Expanded Senate. One who has total power. Citizenship. Expanded Senate. Helped the poor. Problems with nobles and senators.

Caesar's Assassination Marcus Brutus March 15, 44 B.C. Caesar stabbed to death in the Senate Chamber.