Figure 3 Differences in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) between genders

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Figure 3 Differences in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) between genders Figure 3 | Differences in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) between genders. Men are twice as likely as women to be diagnosed with RCC between the ages of 40 years and 60 years, although this difference disappears above the age of 70 years. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with larger, higher stage and higher grade cancer than women and develop papillary RCC, whereas women more frequently develop chromophobe RCC and have relatively better outcomes. Differences in gene expression between men and women could explain some of these observed differences, men have been shown to overexpress immune and inflammatory genes whereas women overexpress genes associated with catabolic processes. Higher AR expression might promote tumour growth and progression whilst oestrogen might be protective. Abbreviations: AR, androgen receptor; chRCC, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma; pRCC, papillary renal cell carcinoma. Lucca, I. et al. (2015) Gender differences in incidence and outcomes of urothelial and kidney cancer Nat. Rev. Urol. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2015.232