PAPER 2: Challenges in the human environment SECTION B: The Changing Economic World 1

Changing Economic World I can classify parts of the world according to quality of life and economic development. What is development? Progress of a country. Economic growth (amount of money) Quality of life (technology and human welfare)

Changing Economic World economic and social measures of development. How do you measure development?

Changing Economic World limitations of economic and social measures. Human Development Index – best measure as ensures money spent on the right thing.

Changing Economic World Demographic Transition Model (DTM) links to a countries level of development.

Changing Economic World I can outline the factors which may create uneven development (physical, economic, social)) Corrupt Government: Money not used for schools and education. Trade: Sell cheap raw materials and make little money. Not involved in trade deals. Colonial Rule: Taken over by other countries in the past who used their resources then left them. War: Spend money on fighting/ schools closed/ no trade. Hot/ Dry Climate: Can’t grow crops to sell. People remain subsistence farmers. Natural Hazards: Cost money to repair from so not making own money. People killed and less workers.

Changing Economic World I can explain the consequences of uneven development e.g. disparity and migration. Uneven development can affect the health and wealth of people, and this in turn can affect international migration.

Changing Economic World I can outline strategies that have been used to reduce the development gap. E.g. Debt relief, aid and investment. Aid is when a country or non-governmental organisation (NGO) such as Oxfam donates resources to another country to help it develop or improve peoples lives. It can take many forms. Fair Trade: More money goes to farmer so can afford health and education. NGO Charities: Water aid build technology likes wells and toilets that mean they are healthier and can go to work or school. Micro finance: Loans for people to start a business. FDI: Investment from rich to poor. E.g China to Nigeria to build airports and roads. Debt Reduction: USA reduced £13 million of debt if keep trees up.

Changing Economic World I can describe an example of how tourism in a LIC/NEE can reduce the development gap. Hot summers and mild warm winters Close to Europe (short haul destination) Tourist Attractions Positive: More Tertiary Jobs Increased income  improved diet & health  higher life expectancy Increased income  improved education  literacy rates increased 66%- 79% since 1995. Tourism has exposed Tunisia to other cultures  greater equality for women. Negative: Thomas Cook less profits locally  some terrorists do not like that women have greater equality European governments think Tunisia unsafe  less foreign investment  less development

Changing Economic World I can describe how Nigeria has been impacted by its location. Location: West Africa Atlantic Importance Main financial center in West Africa Major international seaport and airport Center for trade and commerce in Nigeria

Changing Economic World I can describe how Nigeria has been impacted by the wider political, social, cultural and environmental context within which the country is placed. British Empire rule Independence Civil War Military rule Terrorism China invests Build roads Build airports Build runways Sell oil Natural supply of oil Hot and wet climate

Changing Economic World I can describe Nigeria’s changing industrial structure.

Changing Economic World I can describe advantages TNC’s to a host country.

Changing Economic World I can describe disadvantages TNC’s to a host country.

Changing Economic World I can describe advantages and disadvantages TNC’s to a host country. Positives: Creation of jobs, Shell created 26000 jobs in Nigeria Provide higher wages Create international links so access to world markets. Shell oil is piped to Europe and the USA Shell invests in microfinance projects facilitating new small businesses Negatives: Profits are taken back to other countries Shell is based in Europe and the USA, and so profits taken back there Depleting natural resources and damaging the environment Bodo 2000 hectares of Mangroves destroyed by Shell Oil leak. Fishing industry in Bodo shut down due to contaminated water  poverty TNC’s can withdraw at any time TNC’s are powerful and so can influence governments

Changing Economic World I can describe an example of how modern industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable. Nissan Leaf Less fossil fuels Less pollution/ less co2 Resources not going to run out Less water/ energy used in production

Changing Economic World I can outline improvements and new developments in road and rail infrastructure, port and airport capacity. HS2 (High Speed Two) Fast rail links between North and South Manchester and London Heathrow extra run way More people and business coming into UK Cross rail London Improve commuting into London London Gateway Docks for Cargo ships Smart Motorways – control speed to keep traffic moving

Changing Economic World I can describe and explain the effect the North-South Divide and how to reduce these differences. North: Secondary Jobs Deindustrialisation Left on benefits Low wages Poor education South: Tertiary/ Quaternary jobs High Paid Headquarters London 30% of UK GDP

Changing Economic World I can describe and explain the effect the North-South Divide and how to reduce these differences.

Changing Economic World I can describe the place of the UK in the wider world links through trade, culture, transport, and electronic, e.g. political and economic connections.