SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 bones combination of collagen and calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium. calcium and phosphorus are the most important minerals for strong bones. About 99% of the calcium and 85% of the phosphorus in the body is found in the bones and teeth BONES produce red and white blood cells, store minerals

Bones of the Leg Femur – long bone above knee Tibia – larger bone below knee (anklebone on big toe side of foot) Fibula – smaller bone below knee (anklebone on little toe side of foot) Patella – kneecap

Bones of the Foot Ankle joint – composed of tibia, fibula, and talus (anklebone) Tarsal – bones of the ankle (7) Metatarsal – like metacarpal bones of the hand (5) Toe phalanges – bones of the toes (14 in each foot) The foot is made up of 26 bones that can be divided into three categories.

Bones of the Foot

Muscular System Myology – the study of the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles (fibrous tissues with the ability to stretch and contract). The human body has over 600 muscles responsible for 40 percent of the body’s weight.

Muscular Tissue Striated muscles – skeletal muscles Nonstriated muscles – smooth muscles Cardiac muscle – the heart TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE Striated: Striped; skeletal or voluntary tissue controlled by the will. They create heat and energy during muscle contraction, assist in maintaining body’s posture, and protect some internal organs: Examples: facial, arm, leg muscles. Skeletal muscles comprise about 23 percent of a woman’s body weight and about 40 percent of a man’s body weight. Nonstriated: Involuntary, visceral, or smooth muscles. They function automatically, without conscious thought or will; found in the internal organs such as the digestive or respiratory system. Cardiac: Found only in the heart. It powers the action that pumps blood throughout the body. The cardiac muscle is involuntary; it cannot be consciously controlled.

Muscle Parts Origin – where muscle is attached to an immovable section of the skeleton Insertion – the portion of the muscle at the movable attachment Belly – the middle of the muscle Pressure in massage is usually directed from the insertion to the origin.

Stimulation of Muscles Massage Electric current Light rays Heat rays Moist heat Nerve impulses Chemicals Massage: By hand or electric vibrator. Electric current: High-frequency and faradic current. Light rays: Infrared and ultraviolet rays. Heat rays: Heating lamps and caps. Moist heat: Steamers and steamed towels. Nerve impulses: Through the nervous system. Chemicals: Certain acids and salts.

Scalp Muscles Epicranius or occipitofrontalis – covers top of skull Occipitalis – back part of scalp Frontalis – front part of scalp; raises eyebrows Epicranial aponeurosis – connects occipitalis and frontalis

Neck Muscles Platysma – extends from chest and shoulder muscle to side of chin; lowers jaw and lip Sternocleidomastoideus – lowers and rotates the head PLATYSMA: Broad muscle that extends from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; depresses lower jaw and lip, as in sadness. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDEUS: Extends from collar and chest bones to temporal bone in back of ear; depresses and rotates head, as in nodding. TRAPEZIOUS: major muscles of the back and is responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade) and extending the head at the neck. It is a wide, flat, superficial muscle that covers most of the upper back and the posterior of the neck.

Muscles of the Ear Auricularis superior – draws ear upward Auricularis anterior – draws ear forward Auricularis posterior – draws ear backward Muscles of the Ear

Muscles of Mastication (chewing) These muscles coordinate in opening and closing the mouth; they’re referred to as the chewing muscles.