The pH Scale.

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Presentation transcript:

The pH Scale

Recall that pH is a way to indicate the strength of an acid or a base in terms of the concentration of hydrogen ions. The p stands for ‘potentz’ or strength and the H for Hydrogen. This can be summarized as the [H+ (aq)] in the solution. It is a logrithmic scale. This means that a difference of 1 unit of pH will change the concentration of H+by 10 times

In a neutral solution : H+ (aq) = 1.0 x 10 –7 mol/ L We can judge the acidity of a solution by measuring the concentration of hydronium ions in the solution. In a neutral solution : H+ (aq) = 1.0 x 10 –7 mol/ L In an acidic solution : H+ (aq) > 1.0 x 10 –7 mol/L In a basic solution : H+ (aq)< 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L For example, neutrality has a pH = -log [H+ (aq)] = - log (1.0 x 10-7 ) = 7.0 How do you do this on your calculator when the problem isn't as easy?

If an acid has a concentration of 1.57 x 10 -6 M, then what is the pH? pH = - log [H+ (aq)] If an acid has a concentration of 1.57 x 10 -6 M, then what is the pH? The answer should be close to 6 (the exponent involved in the concentration On your calculator you must press the following: +/- Log 1.57 EE -6 then enter OR 1.57 EXP -6 Log +/- The answer should be 5.804

Let's try another example: What is the pH of a base with a concentration of 8.54 x 10-12 M? pH = -log[H+(aq)] = - log (8.54 x 10-12) = 11.069 What if the pH is known and we want to know the concentration of H+ ? Then we must do the opposite, which is [H+ (aq)] = 10 -pH If the pH of a substance is 5.26, then the [H+ (aq)] is calculated as: [H+(aq)] = 10 -pH = 10 – 5.26 ENTER 10x then +/- then 5.26 OR +/- 5.26 then 10 x

Determine the pH of the following substances given the [H+ (aq)]: a) 1.8 x 10-5 M acetic acid b) 3.75 x 10-2 M sulfuric acid c) 2.091 x 10-10 M sodium hydroxide d) 5.55 x 10-13 M household lye e) 0.00134 M bleach f) 8.99 x 10-9 M vinegar Determine the [H+ (aq)] for the following substances given the pH: a) milk with a pH of 8.13 b) lemon juice with a pH of 4.34 c) tap water with a pH of 7.861 d) rain water with a pH of 5.76 e) stomach acid with a pH of 2.13 f) chalk with a pH of 10.76