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Volume 21, Issue 6, Pages 1375-1385 (December 1998) Leptin Activates Hypothalamic CART Neurons Projecting to the Spinal Cord Carol F. Elias, Charlotte Lee, Joseph Kelly, Carl Aschkenasi, Rexford S. Ahima, Pastor R. Couceyro, Michael J. Kuhar, Clifford B. Saper, Joel K. Elmquist Neuron Volume 21, Issue 6, Pages 1375-1385 (December 1998) DOI: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80656-X

Figure 1 POMC and CART Are Coexpressed in Neurons of the RCA and Arc Line drawings of three rostral-to-caudal levels of the rat hypothalamus illustrate the colocalization of POMC and CART mRNAs in neurons of the RCA and in the Arc of the hypothalamus. The sections were processed for dual-label in situ hybridization histochemistry. The neurons containing CART mRNA were demonstrated with a digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe (CART-dig; squares). The neurons containing POMC mRNA were visualized with a POMC-35S-labeled riboprobe (POMC-35S; circles). The majority of neurons contain both mRNAs (Xs). Abbreviations: 3v, third ventricle; ME, median eminence; ot, optic tract; and VMH, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Scale bar, 1 mm. Neuron 1998 21, 1375-1385DOI: (10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80656-X)

Figure 2 Leptin Activates CART/POMC Neurons Projecting to the Spinal Cord (A) Dual-label in situ hybridization reveals that CART and POMC mRNA are coexpressed in the Arc (arrows). The neurons containg clusters of silver grains were hybridized with a POMC-35S-labeled riboprobe, and the neurons containing CART mRNA were hybridized with a probe labeled with digoxigenin. (B) Immunohistochemistry coupled with in situ hybridization reveals that neurons coexpress mRNA for POMC and CART-IR in the RCA (arrows). The neurons containing clusters of silver grains were hybridized with a POMC-35S-labeled riboprobe (POMC-35S). The CART-immunoreactive neurons contain brown cytoplasmic reaction product. (C) Dual-label immunohistochemistry demonstrates that CART neurons (brown cytoplasm) contain Fos-IR (black nuclei) 2 hr following iv leptin (1 mg/kg) in the Arc (arrows). (D) Dual-label immunohistochemistry showing that retrogradely labeled neurons (brown cytoplasm) after FG injection into IML (T1–T4) also contain Fos-IR (black nuclei) following iv leptin in the RCA (arrows). (E–F) Dual-label immunohistochemistry reveals that many retrogradely labeled neurons (white neurons) in the RCA contain CART-IR (red cytoplasm) and also contain Fos-IR (black nuclei) following iv leptin (arrows = triple-labeled neurons). Scale bar, 50 μm (A–D) and 100 μm (E–F). Neuron 1998 21, 1375-1385DOI: (10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80656-X)

Figure 3 α-MSH and CART Innervation of the Upper Thoracic Spinal Cord (A) Immunohistochemistry demonstrates α-MSH-IR in the upper thoracic level of the spinal cord (coronal section). Note that the fibers are concentrated in the IML and around the cc. (B) A higher magnification of (A) showing specific innervation of the IML by α-MSH-immunoreactive fibers (use box for orientation). (C) Photomicrograph showing α-MSH-immunoreactive fibers around the cc from an adjacent section. (D) Immunohistochemistry demonstrates a high density of CART-IR in cells and fibers in the IML of the upper thoracic spinal cord (horizontal section). (E) Immunohistochemistry demonstrates an injection site of FG-IR in the thoracic cord (T1–T4). Abbreviation: lf, lateral funiculus. Scale bar, 400 μm (A and D–E) and 100 μm (B–C). Neuron 1998 21, 1375-1385DOI: (10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80656-X)

Figure 4 Leptin-Activated Cells in the RCA/Arc Projecting to the Spinal Cord Line drawings of three rostral-to-caudal levels of the rat hypothalamus illustrate the distribution of leptin-activated cells in the RCA and in the Arc of the hypothalamus that also project to the thoracic spinal cord. The sections were processed for double-label immunohistochemistry for Fos and FG. Neurons containing Fos-IR and FG-IR are numerous in the RCA (Xs). Neurons containing only FG-IR (squares) or Fos-IR (circles) are also observed. Abbreviations: 3v, third ventricle; ME, median eminence; ot, optic tract; and VMH, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Scale bar, 1 mm. Neuron 1998 21, 1375-1385DOI: (10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80656-X)

Figure 5 Leptin-Activated Cells in the RCA/Arc Contain CART-IR Line drawings of three rostral-to-caudal levels of the rat hypothalamus illustrate the distribution of leptin-activated cells in the RCA and in the Arc of the hypothalamus that also contain CART-IR. The sections were processed for double-label immunohistochemistry for Fos and CART. Neurons containing Fos-IR and CART-IR are numerous in the RCA and Arc (Xs). Neurons containing only CART-IR (squares) or Fos-IR (circles) are also observed. Abbreviations: 3v, third ventricle; ME, median eminence; ot, optic tract; and VMH, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Scale bar, 1 mm. Neuron 1998 21, 1375-1385DOI: (10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80656-X)