Ecosystems a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of their environment (things like air, water, and soil), interacting as a system

Weather Day to day conditions in a particular time & place

Climate Average conditions of temperature and precipitation in a region

Effect of Latitude on Climate

Effect of Latitude on Climate

Effect of Latitude on Climate Polar, Temperate, Tropical Zones

Effect of Latitude on Climate

Effect of Latitude on Climate Polar, Temperate, Tropical Zones

Greenhouse Effect Natural situation in which heat is retained by layer of greenhouse gases (CO2 , CH4 , H2O vapor)

Heat Transport in the Biosphere Warm air rises, cold sinks… air currents (AKA winds)

Heat Transport in the Biosphere Warm air rises, cold sinks… air currents (AKA winds)

Heat Transport in the Biosphere Warm air rises, cold sinks… air currents (AKA winds)

Prevailing Winds blow predominantly from a single general direction over a particular point on the Earth's surface

Land Masses Can interfere or affect wind patterns

Ocean Currents

Biotic vs. Abiotic affects on an Ecosystem Biotic: biological influences on organisms in an ecosystem Abiotic: Physical (non-living) factors that shape ecosystem (temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, soil, sunlight) Both determine survival & growth of organisms AND productivity of the ecosystem where the organisms live

Habitat Area where an organism lives

Habitat

Niche Niche: the unique role an organism plays in a community, its “job” , unique to individual

Niche Organism’s “occupation”

Niche

Community Interactions Competition: same or different species try to use resource at same place or time Resource: any necessity (water, nutrients, light, food, space)

Competition Exclusion Principle Two species cannot occupy same niche in same habitat at same time One will “win” (survive); the other will not

Predation One organisms captures/eats another Predator/Prey

Symbiosis Two species living closely together

Commensalism One benefits, other neither helped nor harmed Clownfish (protected, eat “leftovers” & Anemones)

Commensalism One benefits, other neither helped nor harmed Elephants & Birds (eat bugs the elephants disturb, are led to water)

Commensalism One benefits, other neither helped nor harmed Barnacles (filter feeders) & Whales

Commensalism

Mutualism Both species benefit (crocodile: food stuck in teeth , bird: eats the food…cleaning teeth and preventing infections)

Mutualism Both species benefits (pollen & nectar = food)

Mutualism Both species benefit (pollination/food)

Mutualism Clownfish (scares away butterfly fish that eat anemones/waste provides food source) Anemone (provide protection)

Mutualism

Parasitism One lives in/on another and benefits BUT harms the host Tapeworms, fleas, ticks, lice

Parasitism

Pop Quiz Hermit crabs live in shells made and then abandoned by snails Cuckoo birds lay eggs in a warbler’s nest. The cuckoo’s young displace the warbler’s young and will be raised by the warbler Certain ants live in the thorny acacia trees, feeding on their sap & raising their young in the hollow thorns, also repelling harmful insects and biting off competing vines

Ecological Succession Predictable changes that occur in a community over time

Primary Succession Occurs on surface where no soil exists After lava cools (post volcano eruption)

Primary Succession Occurs on surface where no soil exists Post glacier melting/receding

Primary Succession Barren surface Pioneer species = 1st species to populate

Lichens Break down rock Often fungus with alga or bacteria living symbiotically

Secondary Succession Land is clear, but soil remains Wild fire

Secondary Succession Land is clear, but soil remains Clear cut

Secondary Succession Land is clear, but soil remains

Climax Community Species best adapted to average conditions in the area

Pioneer vs. Climax Community