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Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 27 The Role of Diet in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 27.1: Estimated percent change in the risk of CHD associated with isocaloric substitution of saturated fat. Adapted from Y. Li, et al., Saturated fats compared with unsaturated fats and sources of carbohydrates in relation to risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective cohort study, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 66 (14) (2015) 15381548 [36]. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 27.2 : Biochemical pathway for the interconversion of n-6 and n-3 FAs. AA, arachidonic acid; ALA, α-linolenic acid; DGLA, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; GLA, γ-linolenic acid; LA, linoleic acid; SDA, stearidonic acid. Bold text5proinflammatory; normal text5less inflammatory; and italicized text5proresolving. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 27.3: Schema of potential dose responses and time courses for altering clinical events due to the physiologic effects of EPA1DHA intake. Source: D. Mozaffarian, E.B.Rimm, Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits, JAMA 296 (15) (2006) 18851899. 602 PART | D Cardiovascular Disease Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 27.4: Estimated EPA1DHA and methylmercury content of different seafood species (per 3 oz. portion). *Cooked, dry heat; **cooked, moist heat; ***the EPA1DHA content in Pacific salmon is a composite from chum, Coho, and sockeye species. Species indicated in black should be avoided by at-risk population groups (i.e., women who are pregnant, could become pregnant, or are lactating, and infants and young children) due to methylmercury concentrations that exceed recommended safe intakes. Gray indicates that consumption should be limited to 6 oz. per week for atrisk population groups. Source: M.C. Nesheim, A.L. Yaktine, Seafood Choices: Balancing Benefits and Risks, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2007.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 27.5: Commonalities and unique features of the DASH diet, Mediterranean-style diets, and the USDA food pattern recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015. Source: C.K. Richter, A.C. Skulas-Ray, P.M. Kris-Etherton, Recent findings of studies on the Mediterranean diet: what are the implications for current dietary recommendations? Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 43 (4) (2014) 963980. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.