1. Who formed the Second Triumvirate 1. Who formed the Second Triumvirate? Describe their relations to Julius Caesar.

- Julius Ceasar’s Grandnephew and adopted son 1. Who formed the Second Triumvirate? Describe their relations to Julius Caesar. Octavius: Marc Antony: Some dude named Lepidus: - Julius Ceasar’s Grandnephew and adopted son - Julius’ most trusted lieutenant and current consul - Another of Julius’ trusted lieutenants

1. Who formed the Second Triumvirate? Purple-Octavius Brown- Lepidus Pink- Cleopatra Green- Antony Yellow- Client Kingdoms Blue- Sextus Pompey

2. What was Cicero’s final fate? Assassination Cicero mentored and supported Octavian likely to pit Octavius and Antony against each other. Cicero also publicly denounced Antony in the Senate, which he was effectively leading.

A. Princeps – Chief or First Citizen B. Augustus – Venerable 3. A. What title did Octavian prefer to hold when “encouraging” the Senate? B. Also, what title did the Senate bestow, which we know him as today? A. Princeps – Chief or First Citizen B. Augustus – Venerable

4. Why would Augustus bang his head on the palace doors? The general Varus lost catastrophically in Germania. Side note: This defeat ends Rome’s attempts to conquer Germany. Unlike Julius, Augustus employed generals, such as Agrippa, to fight wars. He was not a frontline general.

4. Why would Augustus bang his head on the palace doors? The general Varus lost catastrophically in Germania. Side note: This defeat ends Rome’s attempts to conquer Germany. Unlike Julius, Augustus employed generals, such as Agrippa, to fight wars. He was not a frontline general.

5. A. What did Augustus create to run the newly forming Roman Empire? B. Who ran the empire? C. What kind of people? A. An Imperial bureaucracy B. He appointed a system of governors or Legates (Legati = lieutenants) C. People of both senatorial and equestrian rank Side note: The reason there was no widespread rejection of the Emperors was due to the opening of the political system for the Equestrians, the stability of trade, relative safety from wars, city planning, and improved infrastructure. Romans started to govern more and pillage less.

6. What message do you think that does Virgil try to convey in his epic poem, the Aeneid? Mostly a propaganda piece and Greek fanfiction with a ton of Mary Sue characters. It plays up the rule of the Augustus (the first emperor): (Ancestors are related to the founders) Gives justification for Roman conquests: (Peace and unity is the will of the gods) Pushes for a return to the old religion practices: (Roman rituals come from ancient Troy and are worthy to be continued)

The opening lines of the Aeneid: ARMA virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris Italiam, fato profugus, Laviniaque venit litora, multum ille et terris iactatus et alto vi superum saevae memorem Iunonis ob iram; multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem, inferretque deos Latio, genus unde Latinum, Albanique patres, atque altae moenia Romae.

The opening lines of the Aeneid: Arms, and the man I sing, who, forc'd by fate, And haughty Juno's unrelenting hate, Expell'd and exil'd, left the Trojan shore. Long labors, both by sea and land, he bore, And in the doubtful war, before he won The Latian realm, and built the destin'd town; His banish'd gods restor'd to rites divine, And settled sure succession in his line, From whence the race of Alban fathers come, And the long glories of majestic Rome.