The Earliest Americans

The Land and the People The physical setting First arrivals Mountains – Rocky, Andes Rivers – Mississippi, Amazon Bering Strait - Land bridge between the Americas and Asia First arrivals From Asia as early as 10,500 B.C.

The Development of American Agriculture Hunters became farmers after large prehistoric animals became extinct Mammoths Earliest known farming started in Mexico Never invented the plow Led to development of civilizations

Cultures of North America

Western North America The Northwest The Southwest The Great Plains Fishing Weaving Carving – totem poles The Southwest Hohokam people Irrigation Beans, corn, and cotton Adobe Dried sand bricks The Great Plains Used buffalo for food and clothing and teepees

The Eastern Woodlands Hopewell were skilled artists Built burial mounds Mississippians were successful farmers and traders

Mesoamerica and Andean South America

Early Civilizations The Olmec (1200 – 400 B.C.) Southern Mexico First known major civilization Few elite, many farmers Art- Giant carved heads, jade masks “Rubber people” Chavin (400 – 200 B.C.) Andes Mountains- Peru Few elite, had divine connection

The Maya (200 B.C. – 900 A.D.) The Toltec Developed writing system and calendar Pictograph and hieroglyphics Studied astronomy Built pyramids Chichen Itza  The Toltec Pyramids Metalworking

The Aztec – 1200- 1521 A.D. Settled on Lake Texcoco Built their capital Tenochtitlan Warriors who borrowed from cultures they conquered Farmed using chinampas – mud from bottom of lakes Defeated by Spaniards (Hernan Cortes) allied with other natives in 1521 AD

The Inca – 1400-1533 A.D. Lived in the Andes mountains- Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Columbia Called the “children of the sun” Spoke Quechua Had extensive road and trade network Brought conquered people into one imperial culture Conquered by Spaniards and various epidemics Smallpox, typhus, measles, influenza