The Human World Sections 1 and 2 Chapter 4 The Human World Sections 1 and 2

Population Growth 6.2 billion people inhabiting about 30% of the planet’s land Global population is growing rapidly because birthrates have not declined as fast as death rates Death rates have gone down due to improved healthcare, abundance of food, advances in technology and better living conditions. Also seeing a low birth rate Slows population growth when death rate and birth rate are equal

Life expectancy at birth : 2005 United Nations Population Division

World Population Growth Is Almost Entirely Concentrated in the World's Poorer Countries. World Population (in Billions): 1950-2050 Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects, The 2008 Revision.

Challenges of Population Growth More people=more mouths to feed Some countries will face shortages Populations are unevenly distributed by age More developed countries have fewer young people, relative to the elderly population Infant population can’t contribute to food production

Less Developed Countries Have Far More Young People Relative to Elderly. Population by Age and Sex, Less Developed Countries: 2009 Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects, The 2008 Revision.

Population distribution – pattern of human settlement Uneven, related to earth’s geography Europe and Asia – most densely populated Asia: 60% of world’s population World’s Youth Population Almost everyone on Earth lives on a relatively small portion of the planet’s land (less than 1/3). Most near fertile ground, soil, water and a climate without harsh extremes.

Population growth rate: 2000-2005 United Nations Population Division

Population growth rate: 2045-2050 United Nations Population Division

Population density – average number of people living on one square mile/kilometer of land Wide-open spaces vs. highly populated areas Canada/Bangladesh

Urbanization Urbanization: migration of people towards cities Half the world’s population lives in cities Emigrate FROM the country, Immigrate TO the country

Percentage urban in 2005

Percentage urban in 2030

Global Cultures Culture: group of people who share similar beliefs and customs Language, religion, traditions Language: Key element in a culture’s development, allow people to communicate information and experiences Pass on cultural values and traditions One of the strongest unifying forces in a culture. May be some language differences: different dialects

World Languages

More in depth – which continents speak which languages: why More in depth – which continents speak which languages: why? Early conquests?

Religion: important part of culture Struggles in religious differences are a source of conflict in many countries Gives people a sense of identity Organized according to power level – national regional and local or by type of authority: single ruler, small group of leaders or a body of representatives.

Social Groups and Government Social Groups: many cultures made up of social classes Groups of people ranked according to ancestry, wealth, education or other criteria Ethnic Group: share common language, history, place of origin or combination of these elements Government: maintains order, provides protection, supplies its people Many different types of governments

World Governments

Economic Activities: Cultures must make a living (think money!) Ways in which people produce, obtain, use and sell goods Culture Regions: Several countries that have similar traits Economic systems, forms of government and social groups

Economic Activity Map

The Arab Cultural Region

Cultural Change Cultural Diffusion: spreading new knowledge and skills from one culture to another Agricultural Revolution: people stopped wandering, started farming, stayed in one place Surplus of food, increased wealth from trade Culture Hearths: early centers of civilization whose ideas and practices spread to surrounding areas Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, China and Mexico

Primary Culture Hearths of the World GHW 1.1 EXAMPLE Primary Culture Hearths of the World http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/g101ilec/china/chh/hea/chhheafr.htm

Cultural Contacts: Trade, travel, migration Cultures often blended with native population Cultural diffusion: promote cultural change as ideas and practices spread through trade and travel

Political and Economic Systems World is made up of about 200 independent countries Each with a government that makes and enforces laws, binding all people living in its territory

Levels of Government Organization – most large countries have several levels of government Unitary System: gives all key powers to the national or central government United Kingdom and France Federal System: divides the powers of government between national and state governments The United States, Canada, Switzerland, Mexico, Brazil, Australia and India

Types of Governments All government systems belong to 3 major groups: Autocracy – rule by one person Oligarchy – rule by a few people Democracy – rule by many people

Autocracy Oldest and most common forms of governments Inheritance or military/police power Several forms: Totalitarian dictatorship Decisions of a single leader determine government policies Usually inherit their positions Monarchy King or queen exercises the supreme powers of the government Usually inherit their position Absolute Monarchy: Saudi Arabia – rare Constitutional Monarchy: monarchs share governmental powers with elected legislatures

Oligarchy Small group holds power Derives power from wealth, military power and/or social position Usually suppress all political opposition Can be communist countries or Theocracies China,Iran Leaders of the communist party and the armed forces control the government. Claim they rule FOR the people. May hold elections but offer only one candidate or will control the elections somehow.

Democracy Leaders rule with the consent of the citizens People hold sovereign power Representative democracies (Constitutional Monarchies) United States United Kingdom Even though UK is monarchy, their role is ceremonial only, elected officials hold the power to rule.

Economic Systems Make 3 basic economic decisions: What and how many goods/services should be produced How they should be produced Who gets the goods and services that are produced 3 major economic systems: Traditional, Market and Command (also add in Mixed-Market Economy)

Traditional Economy Habit and custom determine rules for activity Not free to make decisions based on what they would like to have Defined by customs of their elders Few places have this today

Market Economy Individuals and private groups make decisions on what to produce Free enterprise Private individuals or groups have the right to own property or business and make a profit with limited government interference Also called capitalism NO COUNTRY has a pure market economy MIXED economy: government supports and regulates free enterprise through decisions affecting the marketplace (The U.S.) Preserve free market by keeping competition free and fair Supporting the public interest Stock market…

Type of mixed economy Type of System Who Owns it? Who Decides Pure Capitalism Private Ownership Market System Command Economy Government Ownership Centralized government Mixed Economy Some private and some government

Command Economy Government owns or directs the means of production Land, labor, capital and business managers Controls distribution Either socialist or communist (depending on how much government is involved) Socialism has 3 main goals Equal distribution of wealth and economic opportunity Society’s control (through its government) of all major decisions about production Public ownership of most land and factories Tries to benefit all of society, not just a few Citizens have no voice in how tax money is spent Russia used to be communist, today China, Vietnam have allowed some free enterprise Democratic Socialism: countries in western Europe – people have basic human rights and elect their political leaders, though the government still control parts of their industries

Command Economies

Resources, Trade and the Environment Natural Resources: elements from the earth can be be used by people Renewable: cannot be used up or can be replaced naturally Nonrenewable: cannot be replaced Conservation Not evenly distributed Renewable: wind, su, water, forests, animal life Nonrenewable: minerals, fossil fuels Conservation: Important for nonrenewable resources like coal

Economic Activities Developed Countries: Technology and manufacturing (U.S.A.) Developing Countries: working towards greater manufacturing technology Subsistence farming – growing only enough for the family Remain Poor

World Trade Countries specialize in products, then trade them When countries cannot produce as much of a good as they want/need, they import it from another country Trading partners!

Barriers to Trade Governments add tariffs Put strict quotas on particular products Trade Embargo: banning trade with another country as a way to punish them politically Free Trade: removal of all trade barriers WTO: World Trade Organization Tariffs make imported goods more costly, government tries to influence people to buy products made in their home country instead of imported goods

People and the Environment Water normally renewable over time Oil spills, chemical waste seeps into groundwater Air pollution: Fossil fuels Acid Rain Ruins forests and animal habitats