17 European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300–1600 QUIT 17 CHAPTER European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300–1600 Chapter Overview Time Line 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance SECTION 2 The Northern Renaissance SECTION SECTION 3 Luther Starts the Reformation 4 The Reformation Continues GRAPH MAP SECTION Visual Summary

17 European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300–1600 HOME 17 CHAPTER European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300–1600 Chapter Overview Two great European movements—the Renaissance and the Reformation—usher in dramatic cultural and social changes. The Renaissance marked the flowering of artistic creativity, while the Reformation led to new Christian beliefs.

17 European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300–1600 HOME Time Line 1300 CHAPTER European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300–1600 Time Line 1300 Renaissance begins in Italy. 1513 Machiavelli writes The Prince. 1555 Peace of Augsburg ends religious wars in Germany. 1564 William Shakespeare born. 1300 1600 1455 Gutenberg Bible printed. 1534 Henry VIII becomes head of England’s church, breaking ties with Rome. 1558 Elizabeth I rules England.

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Key Idea 1 HOME 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Key Idea The Renaissance, a period of intellectual and artistic creativity, flourishes in Italy, beginning about 1300. Versatile artists transform painting, sculpture, and literature. Overview Assessment

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Overview 1 • Renaissance HOME 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance TERMS & NAMES Overview • Renaissance • humanism • secular • patron • perspective • vernacular MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The European Renaissance, a rebirth of learning and the arts, began in Italy in the 1300s. Renaissance ideas about classical studies, art, and literature still influence modern thought. Assessment

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 1 1 HOME 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Record the main ideas from the section about the Italian Renaissance. Renaissance I. Italy’s advantages III. Renaissance art and literature II. Classical and worldly values A. B. C. Urban centers Wealthy merchant class Classical heritage Humanism Patronage of arts New painting techniques Famous writers continued . . .

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 1 1 HOME 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Section 1 Assessment 2. Name three people from this section whom you regard as a “Renaissance man” or a “Renaissance woman.” Explain your choices. THINK ABOUT • the idea of the “universal man” • Castiglione’s description of such a person • which people from this section seem to match that description ANSWER Possible Responses: Michelangelo—architect, sculptor, painter, and poet Leonardo—painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist Isabella d’Este—political leader and patron of the arts continued . . .

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 1 1 HOME 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Section 1 Assessment 3. How did the Renaissance revolutionize European art and thought? THINK ABOUT • changes in ideas since medieval times • changes in artistic techniques • changes in artistic subjects ANSWER Possible Responses: • Renaissance scholars rejected some teachings of medieval Christianity and looked to classical writers for inspiration. • Renaissance artists revolutionized art by using perspective and a more realistic style and by glorifying the individual. End of Section 1

The Northern Renaissance Key Idea 2 HOME 2 The Northern Renaissance Key Idea In the 1400s, Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe, where German and Flemish masters create distinctive works of art. The books of northern Renaissance writers and philosophers become widely available because of the invention of the printing press. Overview Assessment

The Northern Renaissance Overview 2 • Utopia • printing press HOME 2 The Northern Renaissance TERMS & NAMES Overview • Utopia • printing press • Gutenberg Bible MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW In the 1400s, northern Europeans began to adapt the ideas of the Renaissance. Renaissance ideas such as the importance of the individual are a strong part of modern thought. Assessment

The Northern Renaissance 2 2 HOME 2 The Northern Renaissance Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List important events in the Northern Renaissance. 1400 1600 1455: Gutenberg prints Bible on printing press. 1509: Erasmus writes The Praise of Folly. 1592: Shakespeare writes plays in London. 1494: Dürer studies in Italy. 1516: More writes Utopia. continued . . .

The Northern Renaissance 2 2 HOME 2 The Northern Renaissance Section 2 Assessment 2. Choose one Northern Renaissance figure. Explain how he or she was influenced by Renaissance ideas. THINK ABOUT • the influence of humanism • the use of new techniques • the concept of the Renaissance man or woman ANSWER continued . . .

The Northern Renaissance 2 2 HOME 2 The Northern Renaissance Section 2 Assessment Possible Responses: • Dürer was influenced by realism and classical ideas. • Van Eyck was influenced by realism and helped develop the oil painting. • Bruegel was interested in realistic details and peasant life. • Erasmus and More combined humanist and Christian values in their calls for reform. • Shakespeare was influenced by the classics and wrote in the vernacular. • Queen Elizabeth was a monarch, a poet, a patron of the arts, and a linguist. End of Section 2

Luther Starts the Reformation Key Idea 3 HOME 3 Luther Starts the Reformation Key Idea Martin Luther, a German monk, challenges the authority of the Catholic Church and triggers the Reformation—a movement for religious reform. The Reformation spreads to England when King Henry VIII breaks ties with the Catholic Church. Overview Assessment

Luther Starts the Reformation Overview 3 • indulgence • Reformation HOME 3 Luther Starts the Reformation TERMS & NAMES Overview • indulgence • Reformation • Lutheran • Protestant • Peace of Augsburg • annul • Anglican MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church led to the founding of Protestant churches. Nearly one-fourth of the Christians in today’s world are Protestants. Assessment

Luther posts the 95 Theses. HOME 3 Luther Starts the Reformation Section 3 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main cause and several effects of Luther’s action in posting the 95 Theses. Luther posts the 95 Theses. Luther protests. Pope excommunicates Luther. Tetzel sells indulgences under false pretenses. Luther declared a heretic. Lutheran church begins. German peasants revolt. Charles V goes to war against Protestant princes of Germany. continued . . .

Luther Starts the Reformation 3 3 HOME 3 Luther Starts the Reformation Section 3 Assessment 2. Who do you think had a better reason to break with the Church, Luther or Henry VIII? THINK ABOUT • why Luther criticized the Church • what Henry asked the pope to do for him • the Church’s response to Luther • the pope’s response to Henry ANSWER Possible Responses: Luther’s reasons—legitimate complaints about indulgences and other Church problems; excommunication Henry’s reasons—his annulments denied; pope’s political maneuvers continued . . .

Luther Starts the Reformation 3 3 HOME 3 Luther Starts the Reformation Section 3 Assessment 3. Which of Luther’s ideas do you think might have motivated the peasants to revolt in 1524? Explain. THINK ABOUT • Luther’s criticisms of the Church • what change the peasants demanded • the actions the peasants took ANSWER Possible Response: The equality of all Christians spurred peasants to demand an end to serfdom. Peasants disrespected Church authority by raiding the monasteries. End of Section 3

The Reformation Continues Key Idea 4 HOME 4 The Reformation Continues GRAPH MAP Key Idea John Calvin develops a system of Protestant theology that gains popularity among other European reformers. To stem the spread of Protestantism, the Catholic Church initiates its own reforms. Overview Assessment

The Reformation Continues Overview 4 • predestination • Calvinism HOME 4 The Reformation Continues GRAPH MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • predestination • Calvinism • theocracy • Presbyterian • Anabaptist • Catholic Reformation • Jesuits • Council of Trent MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW John Calvin and other Reformation leaders began new Protestant churches. The Catholic Church also made reforms. Many Protestant churches began during this period, and many Catholic schools are the result of Catholic reforms. Assessment

The Reformation Continues 4 4 HOME 4 The Reformation Continues GRAPH MAP Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare the ideas of reformers who came after Luther. Reformers Ideas John Calvin Anabaptists Catholic Reformers People are sinful by nature. Ideal government is a theocracy. Only adults baptized Church and state separate. Church interpretation of Bible is final. Need faith and good works to be saved continued . . .

The Reformation Continues 4 4 HOME 4 The Reformation Continues GRAPH MAP Section 4 Assessment 2. Which of the steps taken by Popes Paul III and Paul IV to reform the Catholic Church do you think were wise? Which were unwise? Explain. THINK ABOUT • the goals of the reforming popes • whether the steps clearly addressed those goals • possible effects of each step ANSWER Possible Responses: Wise—Calling the council of cardinals and the Council of Trent helped clarify the Catholic position on controversial issues; approving the Jesuits helped combat Protestantism and spread Catholicism. Unwise—Using the Inquisition may have made martyrs out of Protestants; creating the Index of Forbidden Books blocked the spread of new ideas. End of Section 4