Biology Notes Ecology Part 3 Pages 431-447 484-505

Standards ____ Describe changes in ecosystems resulting from seasonal variations, climate change, and succession ____ Analyze how population size is determine by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity ____ Evaluate the costs and benefits of renewable and nonrenewable resources, such as water, energy, fossil fuels, wildlife, and forests 7.2 7.4 7.5

____ Recognize the consequences of the losses of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate change, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species ____ Predict the impact of individuals on environmental systems and examine how human lifestyles affect sustainability ____ Discuss the need for adequate monitoring of environmental parameters when making policy decisions 6.6 6.7 6.8

Essential Questions: 1. 2. 3. How do communities change?   How do communities change? How do humans impact the environment? How can we minimize negative human impact on the environment?

I. Ecological Community Interactions Community = a group of organisms from different ___________ that live in the same area e.g. populations beach community

Interactions Within Communities: 1. Competition = the interaction that occurs among __________ of the same __________ when an attempt to use the same ________ at the same time is made e.g. 2. Predation = the interaction that occurs among __________ of the same ___________ when one organism ______ and feeds on a different _________ organisms community resource bird nests organisms community hunts organism snake & mouse

3. Symbiosis = the interaction that occurs among __________ of the same __________ when they live _________ a. mutualism = symbiosis in which both organisms ______ e.g. organisms community together thrive barnacle & whale / shark & remoras

b. commensalism = symbiosis in which one organism _______ and the other organism is neither _______ nor harmed e.g. human eyelash mites c. parasitism = symbiosis in which one organism _______ and the other organism is _______ host = the organism being _______ parasites do not kill their _____ because it is their source of ________ e.g. thrives helped thrives harmed harmed host survival dogs & heart worms

II. Ecological Succession: When Communities Change Succession = the natural ________ in community that take place due to _________ or human ____________ Succession in any community will continue until a _______ community is reached Climax community = the stable ___________ in which there is little _______ changes disasters interference climax community change

When succession occurs, _________ would be very strong because the _____________ would be changing and nature would be ___________ new “winners” and “losers” evolution environment selecting

Types Of Succession: 1. Primary Succession = succession that occurs in _______ where no ____ exists e.g. pioneer species = the first ________ to inhabit an area lichens are usually the pioneer species and are made up of ______ and ______ lichens can grow on bare ________ and help break up _______ areas life Icebergs, after volcanic eruptions species algae fungi surfaces rocks

2. Secondary Succession = succession that takes place after ______________ disturbances or natural __________ that disrupts a ____________ e.g. secondary succession will continue until the ________ community is reached The resulting new climax community may differ from the original climax ___________ environmental disasters community forest fire, hurricane climax community

III. Population Growth: Promoting Environmental Change A. Populations Increase in Growth: The _____ rate is higher than the ______ rate (e.g. __________) Immigration = the movement of individuals _____ an area birth death after wars into

B. Populations Decrease in Growth: The ______ rate is higher than the _____ rate (e.g. ___________) Emigration = the movement of individuals ____ of an area death birth during wars out

C. Types of Population Growth LINEAR

EXPONENTIAL

exponential growth = when individuals in a ___________ reproduce at a constant ____ logistic growth = the growth that occurs in a __________ whose growth has slowed down or ________ e.g. population rate population stopped USA

Carrying capacity (K) = the largest number of ___________ that an environment can support individuals

D. Limits on Population Growth: Limiting Factor = a biotic or abiotic ______ that causes a population to _________ Types of Limiting Factors: density-dependent limiting factor = a type of limiting factor that depends on ___________ size competition for ___________ e.g. factor decrease population resources territorial bears

2. density-independent limiting factor = a type of limiting factor that affects all ___________ the same regardless of _____ natural disasters e.g. human activity e.g. populations size hurricane deforestation

IV. Consequences of Human Overpopulation Natural resource = any part of the environment that can be used by ________ for their benefit 1. Renewable resource = natural __________ that can be regenerated or ____________ by biogeochemical cycles e.g. 2. Non-renewable resource = a natural resource that _______ be replaced by natural __________ humans resources replenished water & wind cannot processes fossil fuels

Pollution = the ____________ of any part of the environment by an excess of ________ materials with greater ___________ and a larger human population ________, there also exists an _________ in the amount of pollution destruction harmful technology demand increase

MAJOR POLLUTION CAUSED BY HUMANS: a MAJOR POLLUTION CAUSED BY HUMANS: a. Land: ____________, overflowing landfills & solid ______ sites, __________________, ________ fragmentation b. Air: ______, acid rain, ______ depletion, _______ warming c. Water: _______________________, raw waste & ______________ deforestation waste introduced species habitat smog ozone global biological magnification eutrophication

POLLUTION AFFECTS NATURE’S ANIMAL & PLANT POPULATIONS BY: Loss of ___________ which results in a decrease of _________, crops, and other genetic variation __________ and __________ species biodiversity resources extinction non-native

HOW CAN YOU HELP? 1. Conservation = the wise management of natural _________ including the preservations of _______ and wildlife focus on preserving ____________ not just species have biodiversity “____ spots” where land development cannot take place Endangered Species Act _____ promote recycling and conservation of __________ resources plants communities hot 1973 resources

promote political movements and groups like Earth ______ 2. Sustainable Development = the use of __________ at a rate that does not ________ them First! resources deplete