Chapter 16 The Crisis of Union

APUSH PowerPoint #4.6 (Part 1 of 2) Unit #5 Chapter 12 BFW Textbook TOPIC – Sectional Conflict & Crisis [1844-1861]

I. Slavery in the Territories

A. Proposals Wilmot Proviso Calhoun’s Resolutions Popular Sovereignty a. David Wilmot (Democratic- PA) b. Pro-Texas as a slave state c. Against the spread of slavery in new territories d. Senate votes against it Calhoun’s Resolutions Popular Sovereignty

A. Proposals (Cont’d . . .) Calhoun’s Resolutions a. John C. Calhoun had no apology for slavery b. Violation of the Fifth’s Amendment (Cannot deprive someone of their life, liberty, or property

A. Proposals (Cont’d . . .) Popular Sovereignty a. Supported by a new brand of moderates: Thomas Hart Benton (Missouri), Lewis Cass (Michigan), and Stephen A. Douglas (Illinois) b. “Squatter Sovereignty” c. Citizens in a territory used democratic principles to decide which way the territory would become

B. Oregon as Free State Support for Oregon as a Free State Polk’s Endorsement

C. Election of 1848 Whigs & Taylor a. The Wilmot Proviso fueled the debate over slavery in the 1848 Presidential Election. b. Several factions united in support of the Wilmot Proviso.

C. Election of 1848 (Cont’d . . . ) Free-soil Coalition a. Barnburners (New York antislavery supporters of Martin Van Buren). b. Conscience Whigs (Massachusetts opponents of slavery who disapproved of Zachary Taylor). c. Liberty Party (Organized in 1840) d. Martin Van Buren (nominated by the Free-Soilers)

C. Election of 1848 (Cont’d . . . ) Free-Soil Party a. Political formed in 1848 to pledge the end of the expansion of slavery. b. Promised “free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men.” c. Nominated Martin Van Buren

Presidential Election of 1848 Results

Zachary Taylor 12th President 1849--1850 Party: Whig Home State: Louisiana Vice President: Millard Fillmore

Zachary Taylor Domestic Opposed the Compromise of 1850 Nickname “Old Rough & Ready” Second president to die in office (1850) Foreign

D. California “Gold Rush” a. Migration began the moment gold was discovered (January 24, 1848) b. The mining frontier began and continued to grow as new concepts of mining were used to acquire gold

D. California (Cont’d . . .) Statehood a. In 1849, California’s 80,000 residents drafted a state constitution and asked to be admitted as a “free” state. b. California’s petition for statehood sparked more controversy in 1850.

II. The Compromise of 1850

A. The Context Controversies Participants a. Slavery in California? b. President Taylor supported free-state status c. Battle in Congress (pro- versus anti-slavery forces) Participants

B. Initial Positions Clay’s Eight Proposals a. Admit California as “free state” b. Organize Utah and New Mexico as territories c. Deny Texas claim to New Mexico’s territory d. Pre-annexation Texas debts paid by Federals e. Maintain legal slavery status in nation’s capital f. Support federal “fugitive Slave Act” g. Interstate slave trade should be denied to Congress

B. Initial Positions (Cont’d . . .) Calhoun’s Reply (March 4, 1850) a. Support of states’ rights (including new territories) b. Return of fugitive slaves to the South c. Equilibrium to the Senate Webster’s Plea for Union Seward’s Antislavery Reply Comprehensive Bill

B. Initial Positions (Cont’d . . .) The Great Debate of 1850

C. Reaching a Compromise Fillmore Succeeds Taylor a. President Zachary Taylor opposed the compromise, but died in the summer of 1850. b. Vice-President Millard Fillmore supported the Compromise.

Millard Fillmore 13th President 1850--1853 Party: Whig Home State: New York Vice President: None

Millard Fillmore Domestic Second Vice President to become President following the death of Zachary Taylor Supported the Compromise of 1850 Signed the Fugitive Slave Act (1850) Foreign

C. Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .) Douglas’s Strategy a. Illinois Senator who was nicknamed, “the Little Giant” b. Helped support the Compromise in Congress which was broken into five distinct plans

C. Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .) Terms of Compromise California was admitted as a free state. Declared the unorganized western territories free. Utah and New Mexico territories were able to decide the slave issue by popular sovereignty. The Fugitive Slave Act would be passed with stricter laws. The slave trade in Washington, D.C. was prohibited.

C. Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .) Compromise of 1850

D. Antislavery Reaction Protests Against Fugitive Slave Law a. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 struck a cord in the North as abolitionists attacked it morally. Personal Liberty Laws a. Northern states passed the “liberty” statutes to allow states to arrest slave catchers. b. Abolitionists organized and violence broke out in the west and the border states.

D. Antislavery Reaction (Cont’d . . .) Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Authored by Harriett Beecher Stowe. The story portrayed the evils of slavery in the South. The novel sold hundreds of thousands of copies both in the United States and Europe in the early 1850s. The significance was an increase in abolitionist activity in the North and a flurry of anti-slavery rhetoric in Europe.

D. Antislavery Reaction (Cont’d . . .) Harriett Beecher Stowe

E. Election of 1852 Candidates a. The Whig Party ran Winfield Scott. b. The Democratic Party ran Franklin Pierce. c. Whigs offered resistance to the Compromise of 1850, while Democrats continued its support. d. Franklin Pierce won the election due to his Northern ties (home state of New Hampshire) and Southern support on the slave issue.

E. Election of 1852

14th President 1853--1857 Franklin Pierce Party: Democratic Home State: New Hampshire Vice President: William Rufus King

Franklin Pierce Domestic Congress passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Sent troops into “Bleeding Kansas” Foreign

III. Foreign Affairs

A. Ostend Manifesto Cuba a. Issues over Cuba (a colony of Spain) b. Spain’s navy harassed American shipping Ostend Manifesto a. A statement by the Pierce Administration that if Spain refused to sell Cuba, then it would be taken by force b. When news of the Manifesto reached the papers, it was quickly disavowed

B. Diplomacy in the Pacific Opening of China a. Missionary work b. Opened for trade in 1858 Commodore Perry in Japan a. Mathew Perry was sent in 1853 to open up trade in Japan b. Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)