Proteoglycan synthesis in bovine articular cartilage explants exposed to different low- frequency low-energy pulsed electromagnetic fields M. De Mattei,

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Proteoglycan synthesis in bovine articular cartilage explants exposed to different low- frequency low-energy pulsed electromagnetic fields M. De Mattei, Ph.D., M. Fini, M.D., S. Setti, M.S., A. Ongaro, Ph.D., D. Gemmati, Ph.D., G. Stabellini, Ph.D., A. Pellati, Sc.D., A. Caruso, Ph.D. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 15, Issue 2, Pages 163-168 (February 2007) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.06.019 Copyright © 2006 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 (a) Waveform of the electric field induced in the standard coil described in Methods. The shape of the electric field equals the shape of the signal imposed on tissue. The amplitude of the electric field measured is a function of the rate of change in the magnetic field: dB/dt. (b) Rate of change of the magnetic field. In abscissa each division is 2ms. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2007 15, 163-168DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2006.06.019) Copyright © 2006 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Exposure time-dependent effects on PG synthesis. Cartilage explants were exposed for different exposure times (1, 4, 9, 24h) to a selected field (75Hz, 2mT). 35S-PGs incorporation values were normalized to corresponding control values (100%). Differences were considered significant at P≤0.05. * Indicates statistical significance vs control. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2007 15, 163-168DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2006.06.019) Copyright © 2006 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Magnetic field peak amplitude-dependent effects on PG synthesis. Cartilage explants were exposed for 24h to different fields (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2mT, 75Hz). 35S-PGs incorporation values were normalized to corresponding control values (100%). Differences were considered significant at P≤0.05. * Indicates statistical significance vs control. ▴ indicates statistical significance vs 0.5mT. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2007 15, 163-168DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2006.06.019) Copyright © 2006 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Frequency-dependent effects on PG synthesis. Cartilage explants were exposed for 24h to different fields (2, 37, 75, 110Hz, 1.5mT). 35S-PGs incorporation values were normalized to corresponding control values (100%). Differences were considered significant at P≤0.05. * Indicates statistical significance vs control. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2007 15, 163-168DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2006.06.019) Copyright © 2006 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions