Chapter 14 Section 1

Religion What changed? Predestination > self-destination Separation of church and state More diversity/more churches More tolerance between Protestants More democratic Wanted to improve society

Religion continued… Who? Charles Grandison Finney Meetings: REVIVALS Huge outdoor meetings (camp meetings) which stirred up feelings and encouraged the growing spirit of reform Called “the Second Great Awakening”

Utopias Definition: a perfect society Characteristics: One strong charismatic leader who attracted people to the community. When he died, the community might die, too. Most had an economic scheme, usually socialistic Most were religious, believed in the 2nd coming of Christ Most started with a lot of enthusiasm, but were short lived. Usually they failed for economic reasons: they were not willing to work.

Alcoholism Called? Temperance Movement Why was it needed? Created wife and children abuse Caused the family to break up Major cause of crime Undermined American society Who? Lyman Beecher

How far did they get in meeting their goals? Maine banned the sale of alcohol Eight other states followed PARTIAL SUCCESS!

EDUCATION Why was it needed? Education is needed for a strong democracy Many immigrants entering the country and education was the best way to “Americanize” A republic needs educated citizens Few children went to school Too few schools Old and run down schools Teachers poorly trained and ill paid Students of all ages were in one room

Who? Horace Mann What did he do? Got legislatures to provide more $$ for new and more schools Extended the school year Raised teacher pay  Caused teacher training colleges (normal schools) to be built Required attendance

Which state led reforms? How far did the movement get in its reforms? Massachusetts How far did the movement get in its reforms? See #2 Equal pay for women teachers Special needs: Hearing impaired (deaf)? Thomas Gallaudet (Hartford, CT) Blind? Samuel Gridley Howe- Perkins Institute for the Blind

Education for African Americans? If they had a school, it was separate, got less money, and were met with hostility Prudence Crandall’s Quaker school was attacked and burned (She had been jailed previously for teaching Blacks) Oberlin College (OH) accepted Blacks Lincoln University (PA) 1st all Black College

Reforms in prisons: Who? Dorothea Dix Reforms: Why was it needed? Changed from punishment to rebuilding character Why was it needed? Some prisoners had committed no crime (debt or mental illness) Small, dark, unheated cells Chained, naked, beaten, confined in cages and closets, and/or hungry

Reforms in Literature The reform in literature was from European ideas and inspiration to American themes, characters, and settings What is Transcendentalism? Thinkers and writers stressed the relationship between humans and nature and the importance of the individual conscience.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin Fiction novel about slave life Henry Wadsworth Longfellow “Song of Hiawatha”, “Paul Revere’s Ride” Idealized American past /history, Amer. legends, optimistic Iambic pentameter verse Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass Common people, celebrated democracy & diversity, free verse Emily Dickenson “Hope” Simple, deeply personal lyric verses Ralph Waldo Emerson “Concord Hymn” Leading Transcendentalist, scorned materialism, valued individualism Henry David Thoreau “Civil Disobedience”, Walden Urged people to live a simply as possible, be individualistic, anti-slavery, disobey unjust laws, be in harmony with nature, self-reliance of character