The Cold War Heats Up Chapter 18, Section 2

China turns Communist Chiang Kai-shek – Chinese leader supported by the United States China had a failing economy Chinese were not happy with his leadership

China turns Communist Mao Zedong – Communist leader who led Civil War in China against Chiang Kai-shek

Chinese Civil War Communist pushed the Chinese government into exile in Taiwan. America refused to recognize the new communist government People’s Republic of China

China turns Communist American policy of containment had failed Conservatives started accusing the American government of being infiltrated by Communist agents.

The Korean War Soviet Union took control of Japanese colony of Korea north of the 38th parallel United States took control south of this line.

The Korean War June 1949, only 500 American troops in South Korea SU backed North Korea in a take-over of the peninsula. Often called “America’s Forgotten War”

The Korean War June 25, 1950 North Korea attacks South Korea June 27 - Truman and 15 other countries send troops to support the South Koreans. Under the command of General Douglas MacArthur.

The Korean War September 15, 1950 MacArthur leads a counterattack Chase the North Koreans to the Chinese border (Yalu River) Thought Korea would become one democratic country

The Korean War November 1950 Communist Chinese troops joined the fight when UN forces reached border

The Korean War “Our trenches…were only about 20 meters in front of theirs. We were eyeball to eyeball…We couldn’t move at all in the daytime without getting shot at. Machine-gun fire would come in, grenades, small-arms fire, all from within spitting distance. It was like World War I. We lived in a maze of bunkers and deep trenches…There were bodies strewn all over the place. Hundreds of bodies frozen in the snow.” -Beverly Scott, soldier during Korean War.

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MacArthur Controversy General MacArthur wanted to expand the war into China, Truman did not. MacArthur publicly criticized Truman and was fired as commanding officer Public outrage from the “heroes' dismissal”

Settling for Stalemate Two year conflict that ended in a standoff around the original border Cost 54,000 American lives and $67 billion dollars Korean war increased fears of communist aggression and fed fears of communist spies in America

The Cold War at Home Chapter 18, Section 3

Fear of Communism House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – investigated Communist influences in and outside the US Government

HUAC Thought communist were putting propaganda into the film industry Hollywood Ten – Hollywood men who refused to cooperate for constitutional reasons. Were sent to prison for not testifying

HUAC Blacklist – list of people condemned for being Communists in the film industry Approximately 500 actors, writers, producers, and directors’ careers were ruined

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Spy Cases 1948 Alger Hiss was accused of spying for the Soviet Union Richard Nixon helped to convict him and was later elected VP.

Spy Cases 1950 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted and executed for espionage Were said to be involved in giving the SU information about the Atomic Bomb

McCarthy Witch Hunts Joseph McCarthy Republican from Wisconsin Said Communists were taking over the government

McCarthy Witch Hunts McCarthyism – unsupported accusations of communist activity Made many accusations against people without producing any evidence

McCarthy’s Downfall 1954 – accused the US Army Televised Senate Investigation McCarthy’s tactics lost him public support Was condemned by the Senate Died from alcoholism three years later.

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Two Nations Live on the Edge of War

Brinkmanship Rules US Policy After the Soviet Union exploded their first atomic bomb, the nuclear arms race began Truman decides to develop an even more horrifying weapon, the Hydrogen Bomb The hydrogen bomb was 67 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima

The Policy of Brinkmanship Dwight Eisenhower is elected president shortly after the Soviet Union creates their own H-Bomb John Foster Dulles is named Secretary of the State (deals with foreign policy) Dulles proposed that the US could prevent the spread of communism by promising to use all of its force, including nuclear weapons, against any aggressor nation Brinkmanship- the willingness of the US (under President Eisenhower) to go to the edge of all out war Eisenhower cuts spending on US navy and army, and increases the size of the Air Force(planes will drop the bombs) Now the threat of a nuclear attack was unlike any ever faced by Americans Children practice ‘air raid’ techniques in their schools

Cold War Spreads Around the World Eisenhower relies heavily on CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) Used Spies to gather information abroad Also secretly weakened or overthrow governments unfriendly to the US

Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America The CIA’s first covert operation was in Iran, located in the Middle East Iranian Government took control of British owned oil fields As Iranian economy fluttered, they looked to the Soviet Union for aid, the CIA secretly overthrew the Government and put in place one that was friendly to the United States

The Warsaw Pact Joseph Stalin dies in 1953, US Soviet relations improve slightly SU leaves East Germany However SU was fearful of US Alliance (NATO) Soviet Union forms its own alliance known as the Warsaw Pact Linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern Europe (communist) countries.

Summit in Geneva The US and the Soviet Union met in Geneva Switzerland, to discuss peace talks Eisenhower proposed an ‘open skies’ act SU and US could fly over each other to check/watch out for a surprise nuclear attack SU declines offer, however tensions seemed to be cooling

The Suez War Egypt wants to build a dam, US and England agree to help Egypt's president ‘Abdel-Nasser’ plays US and Soviet Union against one another to get money Angrily the United States withdraws funding for the canal Egypt took back dam, and did not allow England to use the Canal England responded by sending troops to Egypt to reopen and take back the Canal. The United Nations steps in and forces England to remove its troops and grants ownership of the Canal to Egypt

Eisenhower Doctrine Soviet Union gains prestige in the Middle East for helping Egypt out against England In response, Eisenhower announces the Eisenhower Doctrine US would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country.

Khrushchev in Power Nikita Khrushchev takes control of the Soviet Union Khrushchev thought communism would take over the world, however it could be done peacefully Thought US and SU would compete economically and scientifically for world domination

The Space Race Due to competition between SU and USA, soviets leaped into an early lead launching the first space satellite, Sputnik USA is shocked its losing the ‘Space Race’ First American attempt at launching a satellite was an embarrassing disaster Finally in 1958 US successfully launched a satellite

A U-2 is Shutdown USA was flying spy missions in U-2 planes over the Soviet Union Eisenhower and Khrushchev were going to hold another summit (conference) to discuss ending the arms race Eisenhower orders the end of U-2 flights, after one last mission The plane is shot down over the Soviet Union

Renewed Confrontation Khrushchev demanded an apology and the stopping of all future U-2 flights Eisenhower promises to stop flights, but refuses to apologize Khrushchev angrily called off the summit due to the U-2 incident