Reviving the Electric Car

History 1902 Woods Electric Phaeton 1911 Baker Electric 1832 Robert Anderson invents a non-rechargeable electric carriage. 1835 Thomas Davenport builds the first practical electric vehicle and receiving a patent for the first electric motor in 1837. 1859 French physicist Gaston Planté invents the rechargeable lead-acid battery. 1891 William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa builds the first successful electric automobile in the United States. 1900 One-third of all cars found on the roads of New York City, Boston, and Chicago are electric. http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/223/electric-car-timeline.html

History 1908 Henry Ford introduces the gasoline-powered Model T. Victor Wouk with 1972 Buick Skylark Hybrid 1975 Sebring-Vanguard-CitiCar 1908 Henry Ford introduces the gasoline-powered Model T. 1912 Charles Kettering invents the electric automobile starter. Eliminating the need for a hand crank starter on gasoline powered vehicles. 1972 Victor Wouk builds the first full-size hybrid vehicle 1974 Vanguard-Sebring's CitiCar is introduced it has a top speed of 30 mph and a 40 mile range. 1975 The U.S. Postal Service purchases 350 electric delivery jeeps from AM General. http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/223/electric-car-timeline.html

History 1996 General Motors Saturn EV1 is released. Chevrolet Volt Concept Car 1996 General Motors Saturn EV1 is released. 1997 Toyota introduces the Prius, the first mass-produced hybrid. 2003 General Motors announces that it will not renew leases on the EV1. 2007 General Motors unveils the Chevrolet Volt concept car. 2008 Tesla Motors begins production of the Tesla Roadster http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/223/electric-car-timeline.html

1904 Baker Electric Stanhope Horsepower – 1.75 Top Speed – 14 mph 3 Speed Transmission Range – 40 miles Weight – 975 lbs Shaft drive $1600

1975 Sebring-Vanguard CitiCar Horsepower – 3.5 Top Speed – 44 mph 3 Speed Transmission Range – 50 miles Weight – 1475 lbs Direct Drive Full charge in 6 hours $3500

1998 Saturn EV1 Horsepower – 137 Top Speed – 80 mph (regulated) Range – 75 to 130 miles Weight – 3084 lbs Full charge in 6 hours $33,995 ($349 per month lease)

Saturn EV1 Today

Tesla Roadster Horsepower – 248 Top Speed – 125 mph 2 Speed Transmission Range – 220 miles Full charge in 3.5 hrs (with 70 amp home charging station) Shaft Drive Weight – 2690 lbs $109,000 (2009) http://www.teslamotors.com/

Tesla Roadster Factory Options Premium Audio Package $2,000 Custom seats $2,500 Painted Carbon Fiber Hard Top/Exposed Carbon Fiber Hard Top $3,200/$5,000 Metallic or Premium Exterior Paint $500/$1,000 High Power Connector: 40 amp/70 amp $1,500/$2,000 Mobile Connector $1,200 Fully loaded- $122,700 http://www.teslamotors.com/

Tesla Roadster Performance Continuous Torque 0-60 in 3.9 seconds 125 mph top speed http://www.teslamotors.com/

Tesla Roadster http://www.teslamotors.com/

Tesla Roadster Battery Technology 6,831 Lithium Ion batteries (laptop) Each cell is independent 100,000 mile life expectancy Non-hazardous waste Recyclable Accounts for $20,000 of the cost of the vehicle http://www.teslamotors.com/ The small-cell approach provides inherent system reliability, redundancy and safety characteristics. • Tesla’s ESS contains 6831 cells, arranged in 11 modules in series, with 9 “bricks” in series per module, and 69 parallel cells per brick. This design provides for graceful pack degradation since a single cell failure will only degrade performance by 1/69th, and probability dictates that the Tesla ESS can likely absorb multiple cell failures across the 99 bricks without compounded performance degradation. • Passive current sharing between parallel cells means that the (healthiest) cells with higher capacity and lower impedance carry more of the current load. • The highly modular design of Tesla’s ESS allows for multiple layers of over-current and over/under-voltage protection at the brick, module and pack level. • Smaller cells have a higher surface-to-volume ratio, which reduces challenges associated with effective thermal management. In particular, Tesla’s ESS is designed to contain thermal runaway to a single cell and inhibit propagation.

Battery Cost http://www.teslamotors.com/

Tesla Roadster Energy Efficiency http://www.teslamotors.com/

Tesla Roadster Energy Efficiency http://www.teslamotors.com/

Per Mile Cost At $.06 US per KWh, a battery-powered car costs $.02-$.03 per mile on grid electricity http://www.ecoworld.com/home/articles2.cfm?tid=373 Tesla Roadster cost is calculated using average winter/summer PG&E schedule E-9 off-peak “rate A” tariff, as of March 1, 2007.

Per Mile Cost Comparison http://www.ecoworld.com/blog/2006/08/04/electric-car-cost-per-mile/

Tesla Roadster Energy Efficiency- Solar “…the panels produce about $3,200 worth of transportation fuel plus about $600 worth of home energy, for a total of about $3,800 per year.”- Martin Eberhard Power generation plants, even coal burning ones, are inherently more efficient and less polluting than vehicles due to economies of scale and the ability to more efficiently remove pollutants from a smaller number of much larger fixed locations. Also, an electric car is far more efficient than a gasoline car, so the amount of pollution generated by producing the electricity to drive an EV a given distance is much less than the pollution from the gasoline to drive an internal combustion car the same distance. Whereas a combustion engine car – even those powered by hydrogen, ethanol, and biodiesel – can make use of around 20 percent of the energy that it consumes, a battery electric car like the Tesla Roadster is able to put more than 80 percent of the energy it consumes to use in moving the car down the road.

Tesla Roadster Maintenance 12,000 miles/12 months Reduced Maintenance No motor oil or oil filters to change No smog equipment to check No air filters to replace No power steering fluids to refill

Tesla Business Model Electric vehicle technology without sacrificing performance or style. Competitive price point with other “supercars”. High end technology can be optimized and reused on more accessible vehicles. Plans for WhiteStar sedan are in the works.

Obstacles Start-up car company Lithium Ion battery costs Range concerns Price and consumer acceptance Market