PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar 2/17/2019 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar WEEK 2 Goals and Paradigms 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Last Week SYSTEMATICS Science as an Object of Philosophy Explicit Aspects Objects Structure Character Methods Processes Functions 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

SYSTEMATICS Science as an Object of Philosophy Implicit Aspects Origin Contexts Goals Paradigms 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

The Origin 1 (Newtonian Paradigm Shift) Organismic Aristotlean Physics Universe is living organism Universe is geocentric Matter is continuous Space is finite Time is cyclic Mechanical Newtonian Physics Universe is dead machine Universe is heliocentric Matter is atomic Space is infinite Time is linear 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

The Origin 2 (Newtonian Paradigm Shift) Organismic Aristotlean Physics Motion is explained Stability is natural Motion is caused by force The origin of force is the Prime Mover There are 4 kinds of causes Mechanical Newtonian Physics Motion is described Inertial motion is natural Change of speed and direction caused by force The origin of force is other material objects The efficient cause is the only cause 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Contexts of Science Material Sociological Context Technology Economy Ideological Cultural Context Philosophy Ideology 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Goals of Science Discovering the regularities in nature for manipulating the natural phenomena and conquering the natural limitations to raise the welfare of mankind 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Paradigms of Science (implicit philosophical bases of science) Ontological Paradigms Epistemological Paradigms Axiological Paradigms 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Ontological Paradigms Materialism Atomism Mechanism 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Ontological Paradigm 1 Materialism The objects of science are pieces of matter Matter is the ultimate reality Mind is a material property 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Ontological Paradigm 2 Atomism The objects of science are the sum of parts The property of material objects is determined by the interactions of parts There are smallest parts of matter 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Ontological Paradigm 3 Mechanism The world is a great machine The parts of the world are machines To explain the world, find its mechanisms 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Epistemological Paradigms Rationalism Empiricism Reductionism 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Epistemological Paradigm 1 Rationalism The universe has a rational order Science find natural laws rationally Science uses Logics and Mathematics 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Epistemological Paradigm 2 Empiricism The source of scientific knowledge is in the senses Instruments are the extensions of senses and muscles 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Epistemological Paradigm 3 Reductionism The whole is the sum of the parts The property of the whole is only caused by the interaction of the parts All systems reduced to machines 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Axiological Paradigm Neutralism Humanism Individualism 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Axiological Paradigm 1 Neutralism Science is about facts not values Science is value-free Science is neutral 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Axiological Paradigm 2 Humanism Science is human knowledge Science is the highest knowledge Science is for human welfare 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Axiological Paradigm 3 Individualism Science is atomistic Individual is the atom of society The ultimate goal of science is the happiness of the individuals 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Next Week CRISIS & CRITICISMS 2/17/2019 ICAS Jakarta 2003