Authors: Damjan Fujs Miha ZEMLJIČ PERCEPTION OF ORGANIZED CRIME, SEXUAL ASSAULTS AND RAPES IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN SLOVENIA Authors: Damjan Fujs Miha ZEMLJIČ II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

Introduction Goals of the presentation. Mainly statistics of organized crime, prostitution, sexual assaults and rapes in Slovenia. Annual police reports and some issues concerning measurement of organized crime. Research from the year of 2011 and 2017 about perception of local residents in Slovenia of organized crime, prostitution, sexual assaults and rapes. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

Organized crime in Slovenia One of the basic definitions of organized crime defines organized crime as a group of people profiting from criminal activity that is carefully planed (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007). It is hard to measure organized crime because of the wide range of shapes of criminality and secret activity of criminal groups (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007). Some of the main characteristics of organized crime are major damage in economy, secret operations of criminal groups, neutralization of criminal prosecution and so on (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007). Why is measuring of organized crime so problematic? Different definitions in the world. Differences in the judicial systems. Different types of methods in data and statistic collections of organized crime. The influence of other social and political factors (politics, media and others) II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

Organized crime in Slovenia Criminal investigators in Slovenia are using the instructions of Europol regarding the definition of organized crime and its criminal offences and are using the criminal-law definitions of criminal offences (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007). The scale and type of organized crime is determined by the quantity and quality analysis of the data. Criminal investigators define criminal offences as organized crime if they concern frauds, concealments, smuggling, corruption and money laundering, and some other violent offences (murders, extortions), illegal trading of weapons, trafficking and smuggling human beings and trading with illegal drugs (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007). II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

Police statistics Criminal offences that are statistically shown in   Type of crime Number of criminal offences  Number of investigations Damage (EUR) Total Economic Organized 9.165 1.968 88 6.946 1.854 85 231.394.800 208.971.200 705.500 Criminal offences that are statistically shown in previous years but the investigations continued in the year of 2011. Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016   Type of crime Number of criminal offences Number of investigations Damage (EUR) Total Economic Organized 8.656 2.682 141 6.941 2.497 138 349.845.400 327.727.600 1.488.200 Criminal offences that are statistically shown in previous years but the investigations continued in the year of 2016. Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

Police statistics Criminal offences with no judicial base for prosecution Types of crime   Type of crime 2011 2016 Total Economic Organized 17.395 1.683 5 6.955 1.565 17   Type of crime 2011 2016 Total Economic Organized 88.722 12.746 318 61.574 10.179 403 Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016 Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016 Number of charged individuals   Type of crime 2011 2016 Total Economic Organized 18.922 2.651 129 15.318 2.332 236 Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

Number of criminal acts Types of crime Number of criminal acts 2010 2011 2015 2016 Prohibited Crossing of State Border or Territory 45 10 62 51 Counterfeiting Money - 7 12 Illegal Manufacture of and Trade in Weapons or Explosive Materials 9 4 6 Exploitation through Prostitution 1 2 Unlawful Manufacture and Trade of Narcotic Drugs, Illicit Substances in Sport and Precursors to Manufacture Narcotic Drugs 184 231 228 267 Rendering Opportunity for Consumption of Narcotic Drugs or Illicit Substances in Sport 3 Larceny Grand Larceny 24 15 11 Robbery 16 21 Fraud Extortion and blackmail 14 8 TOTAL 300 303 329 364 Organized crime Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2010/2011, 2015/2016 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

(Security occurrence in police districts)_violence on the street. Perception of respondents of violence on the street in Slovenia (Security occurrence in police districts)_violence on the street.   Frequency Percent % Valid Percent % Cumulative Percent % Valid not a problem at all 665 29,9 30,0 not a problem 629 28,2 28,4 58,4 do not know 518 23,3 23,4 81,8 a big problem 248 11,1 11,2 93,0 a very big problem 156 7,0 100,0 Total 2216 99,5 Missing 99 11 0,5 2227 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

(Security occurrence in police districts)_organized crime. Perception of respondents of organized crime in Slovenia (Security occurrence in police districts)_organized crime.   Frequency Percent % Valid Percent % Cumulative Percent % Valid not a problem at all 540 24,2 24,4 not a problem 502 22,5 22,7 47,0 do not know 568 25,5 25,6 72,7 a big problem 342 15,4 88,1 a very big problem 264 11,9 100,0 Total 2216 99,5 Missing 99 11 0,5 2227 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

Misuse of prostitution and human trafficking Misuse of prostitution „The world‘s oldest profession“ and „Victimless Crime“ - decriminalised in 2003 - under constraint, pimping, exploitation - „moved from the street to the internet.“ The causes of prostitution: Violent family backgrounds (no love) Recklessness („why not?“) Financial problems Bad company Drugs – drug abuse Poverty and economic distress Alcoholism Juvenile Delinquency Misuse of prostitution and human trafficking Number of criminal acts Number of suspect who have been charged Increase/decrease [in %] 2015 2016 Misuse of prostitution 5 10 … Human trafficking 38 31 140 123 -5,4 TOTAL 43 -12,1 Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2016 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

(Security occurrence in police districts)_prostitution Perception of respondents of prostitution in Slovenia (Security occurrence in police districts)_prostitution   Frequency Percent % Valid Percent % Cumulative Percent % Valid Not a problem at all 1045 46,9 47,1 Not a problem 497 22,3 22,4 69,5 Do not know 375 16,8 16,9 86,4 A big problem 190 8,5 8,6 95,0 A very big problem 112 5,0 100,0 Total 2219 99,6 Missing 99 8 0,4 2227 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

Sex related offences (Criminal code of the Republic of Slovenia) Types of crime Number of criminal acts Increase/decrease [in %] Number of investigated criminal offences The share of investigated criminal offences 2015 2016 Rape 42 33 … 40 30 95,2 90,9 - Completed 39 28 37 26 94,9 92,9 - Attempted 3 5 4 100,0 80,0 Sexual violence 43 23 34 76,7 79,1 Violation of sexual integrity by abuse of position 12 7 Sexual assault on a person below fifteen years of age 81 134 65,4 73 116 90,1 86,6 Solicitation of children for sexual purposes 9 2 8 50,0 88,9 Presentation, Manufacture, Possession and distribution on pornographic material 69 110 59,4 59 99 85,5 Other 20 …. 17 16 85,0 TOTAL 258 356 38,0 226 310 87,6 87,1 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

(Security occurrence in police districts)_sexual assaults, rapes Perception of respondents of sexual assaults and rapes in Slovenia (Security occurrence in police districts)_sexual assaults, rapes   Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Not a problem at all 999 44,9 45,1 Not a problem 597 26,8 26,9 72,0 Do not know 353 15,9 88,0 A big problem 130 5,8 5,9 93,8 A very big problem 137 6,2 100,0 Total 2216 99,5 Missing 99 11 ,5 2227 II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

Pajnik, M., & Kavčič, U. (2006). The demand side of sex: perspectives on trafficking and prostitution: the case of Slovenia. Mirovni inštitut. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

Pajnik, M., & Kavčič, U. (2006). The demand side of sex: perspectives on trafficking and prostitution: the case of Slovenia. Mirovni inštitut. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

PROBLEMS? STATISTICS - Dark field PROSTITUTION Taxes Ignorance/acceptance Health Risk of infection Morality Profits from prostitution feed organized crime SEXUAL ASSAULTS/ RAPE Trauma Children Courts STATISTICS - Dark field II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

Example of „legalised“ prostitution in Slovenia: https://www.sloescort.com II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

A movie called Slovenka (Slovenian girl), which talks about a Slovenian girl, who studies in Ljubljana (the capital), while in secret working as a prostitute. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

NGO Cooperating and notifying each other on signs or suspicions of trafficking in human beings. The Office of the State Prosecutor General of the Republic of Slovenia  II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018