Human Anatomy & P Chapter 3 Cells. Ms. Cox 2006-2007

What is a Cell? The fundamental unit of life. Two main types of cells: Prokaryotes-are single celled organisms, DNA is not membrane bound. Eukaryotes- are many celled organisms, DNA is enclosed in a nuclear membrane.

Prokaryote Cell

Eukaryote Cell

Parts of a Cell and Their Function Plasma Membrane: a selective membrane that forms a boundary around the cell. Cytoplasm: a semi-fluid substance in which the organelles are suspended. (kinda like photos they show of the astronauts in space.) Nucleus: contains the chromosomes surrounded by the nucleoplasm.

Parts of a Cell and Their Function Mitochondria - break down food and release energy to the cell Lysosomes - are chemicals used to digest waste Vacuoles - are storage areas for the cell

Parts of a Cell and Their Function Nuclear Membrane - separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum - moves materials around in the cell Ribosomes - make protein for the cell Golgi Bodies - are used for packaging and secreting of energy

Stack of Pancakes? Golgi Bodies

Spider web and layered rock? Endoplasmic Reticulum

Pimples, no? Ribosomes

Kidney Bean? No Choloraplast

Shoe, no? Mitochondria

Parts of a Cell and Their Function Some organelles are found only in Plant cells.   These organelles are: Cell Wall - provides structure to the plant cell Chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll that is make food for the plant cell

How does material move within a cell? What are the methods? Diffusion: the movement of molecules from areas of higher to lower concentrations. It requires no energy. Osmosis: the diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane. Moving into or out of a cell. Filtration: the movement of protein free plasma across capillary walls due to a pressure gradient.

How does material move within a cell? What are the methods? Active transport: occurs when carrier proteins transport molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. ATP or energy is required for this. Endocytosis: the process by which a cell inputs material by enveloping it.

How does material move within a cell? What are the methods? Pinocytosis: is the uptake of fluid droplets. Phagocytosis: the uptake of solid particles. Exocytosis: the process of a cell expelling large amounts of materials.

What structure allows those movement processes? Cytoskeleton: is a flexible cellular framework that supports organelles and allows for cellular movement. Composed of Microtubules.

Microtubules Microtubules are conveyer belts inside the cells. They move vesicles, granules, organelles like mitochondria, and chromosomes via special attachment proteins. In the middle of these there are two centrioles that are involved in cell division and formation of the cytoskeleton.

Flagella- longer and occur in smaller numbers

Cilia-usually short and numerous

So that’s a cell, So what does a ton of cells put together create?

Cells combine to make Tissues Organs Organ Systems

Tissues 7 main types Epithelia tissue Connective tissue Adipose tissue Cartilage and Bone Tissue Blood Muscle tissue Nervous Tissue

Epithelia tissue Covers or lines structures, and is bounded by a basement membrane. Picture is a swab of a check.

Connective tissue Support and bind other tissues. The cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix with numerous fibers. ELASTIC CONNECTIVE Tissue to the right.

Adipose tissue Characterized by cells swollen with lipids. (lipids are fats)

Cartilage and Bone Tissue Characterized by a relatively solid matrix. osteoblasts

Blood Blood Characterized by a fluid matrix. White Blood Cell Red Blood Cell

Muscle tissue Three types: Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Smooth Cardiac

Nervous Tissue Cerebral tissue Composed of neurons, conducting nervous impulses, and glial cells, which supports the neurons. Cerebral tissue

Organs Functional units composed of different types of tissues. Examples Eyespots and Reproductive organs. An eyespot may be a specialized part of a cell as in protozoans, a single photoreceptor cell, or a small cluster of receptors with few or no accessory optical and neural structures.

Female Reproductive Organs

Organ Systems Groups of organs with a particular function. Example Circulatory System.