The Gunpowder Empires (1400-1800) Nomadic Invasions by Mongols led to changes in the Muslim world Mughals Ottomans Safavids Competition led to important political and military clashes…challenge for power

CONTEXT: How can we characterize this period in world history? Bridge between ancient & early modern history Islamic power shift from Arab Muslims to ethnically Turkic Muslims Use of gunpowder & other new technologies for conquest (“gunpowder empires”) Cultural, artistic, & architectural developments still impact regions conquered

Ottoman Empire at Greatest Extent c. 1699

OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1281-1922) Longest lasting & most successful 1281: founded by Osman (ghazi) Later rulers: Muslims required to do military service Non-Muslims paid jizya Conquered peoples generally treated well Osman was militaristic, used cannons, walled cities… fought against Seljuks… was a ghazi

CONQUEST OF CONSTANTINOPLE Mehmet II conquers Constantinople in 1453 Cannons Hagia Sofia

Golden Age of Suleiman 1520-1566 Expansion Military leadership Naval power Conquest of Europe (stopped @ Vienna) Social organization Large bureaucracy Janissaries Devshirme Millets Cultural Achievements Sharia, religious tolerance Efficient taxation/bureaucracy Mosque of Suleiman Blending of Turkish artistic styles with those of conquered peoples

Decline Incapable leaders fearful of losing power Oppressive policies & taxation peasant discontent and rebellion Economic decline - illegal trade, inflation Naval power defeated in Spain and Italy (Battle of Lepanto - 1571) Dissolved with the creation of the nation of Turkey in 1923, after World War I

SAFAVID EMPIRE (1501-1722) Saf al-Din (founder) Iranian origin Shiite Islam Persecuted on religious grounds by Ottoman Sunni Muslims Powerful army to protect themselves on both sides

Leadership Ismai’il – strong warrior, 1499 Shiite Islam as state religion in Iran - no religious freedom Ottomans and Safavids disagree on religious tolerance Ismai’il destroys Baghdad and kills Sunnis Sunnis kill Shiites in Ottoman Empire Battle/conquest Golden Age “redheads” Ismai’il: 14 years old Seized what is now Iran Shah as title Order death to anyone who does not covert Selim the Grim did the same to Shi’a in Ottoman empire

Golden Age of Shah Abbas: 1587 Cultural blending w/Ottoman, Persian & Arab worlds Isfahan Relations w/Europe & China Persian carpets Military reforms (Persian & Christian armies created) Modern weaponry Punished corruption, emphasized loyalty Chinese artisans brought, collaboration gave rise to fabulous artwork, rebuild capital city of Isfanhan Carpets: local craft to national industry

ISFAHAN

Decline Need for power Incompetent leaders Peasant discontent Tribal armies from Afghanistan taking over area Sunni family took control, but was unsuccessful Safavids died politically, but never culturally - left behind a strong Persian cultural legacy Killing family members to keep another from claiming power Tribal armies from Afghanistan taking over E portions of Safavid realm, Ottomans from the west Nadir Shah Afshar: Sunni

MUGHAL EMPIRE (1526-1707) Mughals = “Mongols” Muslims in India since 700s Delhi Sultanate 1398: Tamerlane invades Ethnic & religious conflic follows 1526: Babur founds empire Gupta collapse, Arabs invasion, Muslim tribes from Asia, rulers Rajputs White area Mughal

Golden Age of Akbar: 1556-1605 Cultural developments Urdu created “Miniatures” Akbar period architecture Literary achievements Religious tolerance Bureaucracy included diverse officers Akbar’s wives Grandson of Babur: Akbar Fair taxation Abolished jizya Graduated income tax Conquest of India Gunpowder Rajput officers

MUGHAL EXPANSION

After Akbar 1611-1622: Jahangir & Nur Jahan Less religious tolerance Mughals v. Sikhs 1628-1658: Shah Jahan Hated political competition Taj Mahal 1658-1707: Aurangzeb Military leader and empire builder Oppressive Enforced Islamic laws Outraged Hindus Nur Jahan: Persian princess with variety of interests Brilliant politician who understood use of power, religious problem with sons Sikhs: blending of Hinduism, Buddhism and Sufism (Islamic mysticism) Shah Jahan: two loves, wife and architecture; when wife died, giving birth to their 14th child, ordered building of tomb: Taj Mahal

Decline Rajputs rebel! Wars for conquest cost $$taxes Famine No loyalty to leader Weakened central state, power of local lords grew Ended in a patchwork of independent states Trade with Europeans - India’s next conquerors

CONNECTIONS & PREDICTIONS Answer these questions in your notebook BELOW or BESIDE your foldable What similarities do you notice so far between the three “gunpowder empires?” What seems to be the most important effects of the conquests by the “gunpowder empires?”