* * * * * * OTTOMAN EMPIRE - 1451 OTTOMAN EMPIRE - 1481 Belgrade Constantinople Athens Rome Algiers Tunis Tripoli Cairo Damascus Jerusalem Baghdad Medina Mecca NORTH AFRICA ARABIA ASIA MINOR EUROPE Vienna Black Sea Mediterranean Sea Caspian Sea Persian Gulf Hungary * * Caucasus Mts Adriatic Sea Balkans * * * Syria Safavid Empire Egypt OTTOMAN EMPIRE - 1451 * OTTOMAN EMPIRE - 1481 Red Sea OTTOMAN EMPIRE - 1521 OTTOMAN EMPIRE - 1566

Ottoman origins Turks from central Asia took over lands controlled by Byzantine and Persian empires Converted to Islam as contact grew with Muslims 1st leader of Otto. Emp. Osman I Extended into Balkans

Ottoman Army Soldiers – janissaries - captured from Christian families (technically they were slaves) Forced to convert to Islam and trained in arts of warfare Cannons, other large weapons Loyal to sultan

Important Leaders & Accomplishments Mehmed II – changed Constantinople to Istanbul Captured Syria, Jerusalem, Egypt, Algiers, Mecca and Medina

Suleiman I – extended empire to include: Southern Mediterranean Sea Eastern Europe - Belgrade Further into Balkans Southern Russia North Africa Arts, science, math, medicine, libraries, schools

How was control maintained in such an expansive empire?

Government & Society Run by Sultan Millets – non-Muslim communities (could elect own representatives Follow own religions, custom, traditions Non-Muslims – pay tax to follow own faith/customs Limits on where they could live, clothing, and jobs Religious leaders represent millet

Ottoman & WWI By start of WWI – TOE was weakening Leaders could not keep large empire together Ethnic groups wanted self-rule (not to be ruled by Sultan far away) European powers grew stronger TOE joined war w/Germany and Italy = LOST

End of the Empire New boundaries were determined by European powers No concern for ethnic groups/religious groups already there Nationalism – pride/love for country Countries are more successful when people there share common culture, history, background

Next Up…How was the modern Middle East formed? Read events A, B, and C M14 - Complete your organizer for events A, B, and C in note form