Figure 1.1 Surface anatomy. Cephalic Cephalic Frontal Otic Orbital Occipital Nasal Buccal Upper limb Oral Acromial Cervical Mental Brachial Cervical Antecubital Thoracic Olecranal Dorsum Sternal Antebrachial Scapular Axillary Carpal Mammary Vertebral Abdominal Umbilical Lumbar Pelvic Manus (hand) Sacral Inguinal Pollex Palmar Gluteal Digital Perineal Lower limb Pubic Coxal Femoral Patellar Popliteal Crural Sural Fibular or peroneal Thorax Pedal (foot) Abdomen Tarsal Back (Dorsum) Calcaneal Digital Plantar Hallux Anterior/Ventral Posterior/Dorsal

Superior (cephalad) Posterior (dorsal) Anterior (ventral) Figure 1.2 Anatomical terminology describing body orientation and direction. Superior (cephalad) Posterior (dorsal) Anterior (ventral) Superior (dorsal) Proximal Posterior (caudal) Anterior (cephalad) Distal Inferior (caudal) Inferior (ventral)

Figure 1.3 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane Transverse plane Frontal section (through torso) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Median (midsagittal) section Spinal cord Left and right lungs Liver Heart Liver Aorta Pancreas Rectum Vertebral column Intestines Stomach Arm Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall Spleen 3

Figure 1.5 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Dorsal body cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Diaphragm Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Lateral view Anterior view 4

Figure 1.6 Serous membranes of the ventral body cavities. Parietal peritoneum Parietal pleura Visceral peritoneum Visceral pleura Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium 5

Figure 1.7 Abdominopelvic quadrants. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) 6

Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic regions. Liver Diaphragm Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Spleen Gallbladder Stomach Ascending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Cecum Right iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Initial part of sigmoid colon Appendix Urinary bladder 7